Radiation Dynamics from the Ultra-Intense Field Ionization of Atoms

Behavior of the relativistic angular and energy distributions of atoms exposed to a strong and low-frequency circularly polarized laser field

“…, where F and ω are the strength and the frequency, respectively, of the electromagnetic field. In the relativistic domain ponderomotive potential may be written in the form [15] , where c is the speed of light. The Stark effect has the same form as in the nonrelativistic domain, E St ¼ αF 2 ∕4 [16] , where E St is the shift caused by the linear Stark effect and α is the static polarizability of the atom [17] .…”