Radiation Effects on Bone and Cartilage

Schmitt, G; Zamboglou, N.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-035414-6.50010-9

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

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“…(395) The long-term effects of various radium isotopes have been studied extensively (Schmitt and Zamboglou, 1990). For example, late radiological lesions, including bone infarction, aseptic necrosis, and patchy sclerosis, were seen with a total-body 226 Ra burden of >0.004 MBq (Hasterlik et al, 1964).…”

Section: Internal Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In children and adolescents, growth retardation, osteochondroma formation, and dental disorders may occur. Preclinical work has established dose-response relationships and the impact of various isotopes on fracture tendency, fracture healing, and other pathologies (Schmitt and Zamboglou, 1990). Studies in beagle dogs indicate that overt stress fractures occurred after 226 Ra doses of >20 Gy or after 239 Pu doses of >10 Gy.…”

Section: Internal Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

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ICRP PUBLICATION 118: ICRP Statement on Tissue Reactions and Early and Late Effects of Radiation in Normal Tissues and Organs — Threshold Doses for Tissue Reactions in a Radiation Protection Context

Stewart¹,

Akleyev²,

et al. 2012

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This report provides a review of early and late effects of radiation in normal tissues and organs with respect to radiation protection. It was instigated following a recommendation in Publication 103 (ICRP, 2007), and it provides updated estimates of 'practical' threshold doses for tissue injury defined at the level of 1% incidence. Estimates are given for morbidity and mortality endpoints in all organ systems following acute, fractionated, or chronic exposure. The organ systems comprise the haematopoietic, immune, reproductive, circulatory, respiratory, musculoskeletal, endocrine, and nervous systems; the digestive and urinary tracts; the skin; and the eye. Particular attention is paid to circulatory disease and cataracts because of recent evidence of higher incidences of injury than expected after lower doses; hence, threshold doses appear to be lower than previously considered. This is largely because of the increasing incidences with increasing times after exposure. In the context of protection, it is the threshold doses for very long follow-up times that are the most relevant for workers and the public; for example, the atomic bomb survivors with 40-50years of follow-up. Radiotherapy data generally apply for shorter follow-up times because of competing causes of death in cancer patients, and hence the risks of radiation-induced circulatory disease at those earlier times are lower. A variety of biological response modifiers have been used to help reduce late reactions in many tissues. These include antioxidants, radical scavengers, inhibitors of apoptosis, anti-inflammatory drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, growth factors, and cytokines. In many cases, these give dose modification factors of 1.1-1.2, and in a few cases 1.5-2, indicating the potential for increasing threshold doses in known exposure cases. In contrast, there are agents that enhance radiation responses, notably other cytotoxic agents such as antimetabolites, alkylating agents, anti-angiogenic drugs, and antibiotics, as well as genetic and comorbidity factors. Most tissues show a sparing effect of dose fractionation, so that total doses for a given endpoint are higher if the dose is fractionated rather than when given as a single dose. However, for reactions manifesting very late after low total doses, particularly for cataracts and circulatory disease, it appears that the rate of dose delivery does not modify the low incidence. This implies that the injury in these cases and at these low dose levels is caused by single-hit irreparable-type events. For these two tissues, a threshold dose of 0.5Gy is proposed herein for practical purposes, irrespective of the rate of dose delivery, and future studies may elucidate this judgement further.

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Section: Internal Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Internal Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%