Radiation Processing and Characterization of Some Ethylene-propylene-diene Terpolymer/Butyl (Halobutyl) Rubber/Nanosilica Composites

Mănăilă, Elena; Airinei, Anton; Stelescu, Maria Daniela; Sönmez, Maria; Alexandrescu, Laurenţia; Crăciun, Gabriela; Pamfil, Daniela; Fifere, Nicuşor; Varganici, Cristian–Dragos; Doroftei, Florica; Bele, Adrian

doi:10.3390/polym12102431

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…The performances of irradiated composites based on elastomeric materials are the overall effects by which free radicals undergo the reactions that may partially restore the initial characteristics [67]. Because there are differences between the values of mechanical properties (Figure 5), their explanation is based on the evolution of oxidation states whose ways are preceded according to the protective action of filler [68].…”

Section: Mechanical Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of BaTiO3 to the Stability Improvement of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Rubber: Part I—Pristine Filler

Borbáth¹,

Nicula²,

Zaharescu³

et al. 2023

Polymers

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This study presents the functional effects of BaTiO3 powder loaded in ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) in three concentrations: 0, 1, and 2.5 phr. The characterization of mechanical properties, oxidation strength, and biological vulnerability is achieved on these materials subjected to an accelerated degradation stimulated by their γ-irradiation at 50 and 100 kGy. The thermal performances of these materials are improved when the content of filler becomes higher. The results obtained by chemiluminescence, FTIR-ATR, and mechanical testing indicate that the loading of 2.5 phr is the most proper composition that resists for a long time after it is γ-irradiated at a high dose. If the oxidation starts at 176 °C in the pristine polymer, it becomes significant at 188 and 210 °C in the case of composites containing 1 and 2.5 phr of filler, respectively. The radiation treatment induces a significant stability improvement measured by the enlargement of temperature range by more than 1.5 times, which explains the durability growth for the radiation-processed studied composites. The extension of the stability period is also based on the interaction between degrading polymer substrate and particle surface in the composite richest in titanate fraction when the exposure is 100 kGy was analyzed. The mechanical testing as well as the FTIR investigation clearly delimits the positive effects of carbon black on the functionality of EPDM/BaTiO3 composites. The contribution of carbon black is a defining feature of the studied composites based on the nucleation of the host matrix by which the polymer properties are effectively ameliorated.

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Section: Mechanical Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of BaTiO3 to the Stability Improvement of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Rubber: Part I—Pristine Filler

Borbáth¹,

Nicula²,

Zaharescu³

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…A comparison between the polymers with various structures initially filled with silica nanoparticles emphasizes the influence of crosslinker (TMPT) and SiO 2 nanophase [155] (Table 8). The involvement of crosslinker creates a hybrid conformity in the bulk of material.…”

Section: Elastomersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Irradiation Effects in Polymer Composites for Their Conversion into Hybrids

Zaharescu

Mariș

2022

J. Compos. Sci.

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In this paper several aspects of profound modifications caused by high energy exposures are presented as possible candidates for the efficient adjusting processing of polymer materials. The class of hybrid composites receives special attention due to the large spectrum of formulations, where the interphase interaction decisively influences the material properties. They represent potential start points for the intimate uniformity of hybrid morphologies. Their radiation processing turns composites onto hybrid morphology with expected features, because the transferred energy is spent for the modification of components and for their compatibility. The essential changes achieved in radiation processed composites explain the new material behavior and durability based on the peculiar restructuring of polymer molecules that occurred in the polymer phase. During high energy irradiation, the interaction between intermediates born in the constitutive phases may convert the primary composites into hybrids, integrating them into large applicability spheres. During the radiation exposure, the resulting hybrids gain a continuous dispersion by means of new chemical bonds. This type of compounds achieves some specific structural modifications in the polymer phase, becoming stable hybrid composites. The functional properties of hybrids definitely influence the material behavior due to the molecular changes based on the structural reasons. The radiolysis of the vulnerable component becomes an appropriate opportunity for the creation of new material with improved stability. The radiation treatment is a proper conversion procedure by which common mixtures may become continuously reorganized. This review presents several examples for the radiation modifications induced by radiation exposure that allow the compatibilization and binding of components as well as the creation of new structures with improved properties. This approach provides the reference patterns for the extension of radiation processing over the well-conducted adjustments of polymer composites, when certain material features are compulsorily required. From this review, several solutions for the adjustment of regular polymer composites into hybrid systems may become conceivable by the extended radiation processing.

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“…The neoprene rubber is a shore A hardness 90 type specified in the bending moment tests for prestressed concrete and alternative sleeper materials [ 19 , 37 ]. The EPDM rubber is a commercially available sealing rubber in Australia with a Shore A hardness of 45 to 60 as reported in the literature [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]. According to Ferdous et al [ 29 ], the approximate rail seat load for a timber track based on a 20-ton axle wheel load is 72 kN.…”

Section: Experimental Verification Of the 5-point Static Bending Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Bending Test Method for Polymer Railway Sleeper Materials

et al. 2021

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Alternative sleeper technologies have been developed to address the significant need for the replacement of deteriorating timber railway sleepers. The review of the literature indicates that the railway sleepers might fail while in service, despite passing the evaluation tests of the current composite sleeper standards which indicated that these tests do not represent in situ sleeper on ballast. In this research, a new five-point bending test is developed to evaluate the flexural behaviour of timber replacement sleeper technologies supported by ballast. Due to the simplicity, acceptance level of evaluation accuracy and the lack of in-service behaviour of alternative sleepers, this new testing method is justified with the bending behaviour according to the Beam on Elastic Foundation theory. Three timber replacement sleeper technologies—plastic, synthetic composites and low-profile prestressed concrete sleepers in addition to timber sleepers—were tested under service loading condition to evaluate the suitability of the new test method. To address the differences in the bending of the sleepers due to their different modulus of elasticities, the most appropriate material for the middle support was also determined. Analytical equations of the bending moments with and without middle support settlement were also developed. The results showed that the five-point static bending test could induce the positive and negative bending moments experienced by railway sleepers under a train wheel load. It was also found that with the proposed testing spans, steel-EPDM rubber is the most suitable configuration for low bending modulus sleepers such as plastic, steel-neoprene for medium modulus polymer sleepers and steel-steel for very high modulus sleepers such as concrete. Finally, the proposed bending moment equations can precisely predict the flexural behaviour of alternative sleepers under the five-point bending test.

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Radiation Processing and Characterization of Some Ethylene-propylene-diene Terpolymer/Butyl (Halobutyl) Rubber/Nanosilica Composites

Cited by 6 publications

References 49 publications

The Contribution of BaTiO3 to the Stability Improvement of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Rubber: Part I—Pristine Filler

The Contribution of BaTiO3 to the Stability Improvement of Ethylene–Propylene–Diene Rubber: Part I—Pristine Filler

Irradiation Effects in Polymer Composites for Their Conversion into Hybrids

Novel Bending Test Method for Polymer Railway Sleeper Materials

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