Radiative Transfer Equation and Solutions

Zhao, Junming; Liu, Linhua H.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-26695-4_56

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 77 publications

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“…The simulation of UOWC systems using the Monte Carlo algorithm is the simplest method for solving the photon propagation phenomena since, due to the complexity of the RTE equation and the problem configuration, analytical solutions only exist for very simple cases [ 15 ]. This statistical method based on the Monte Carlo algorithm mimics the physical behavior of individual photons underwater and is far more accurate than the Beer–Lambert law, which underestimates the received optical power due to assuming that scattered photons are completely lost.…”

Section: Underwater Photon Propagation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Misalignment-Resilient Propagation Model for Underwater Optical Wireless Links

Araujo

Tavares

Marques

et al. 2022

Sensors

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This paper proposes a multiple-lens receiver scheme to increase the misalignment tolerance of an underwater optical wireless communications link between an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) and a sensor plane. An accurate model of photon propagation based on the Monte Carlo simulation is presented which accounts for the lens(es) photon refraction at the sensor interface and angular misalignment between the emitter and receiver. The results show that the ideal divergence of the beam of the emitter is around 15° for a 1 m transmission length, increasing to 22° for a shorter distance of 0.5 m but being independent of the water turbidity. In addition, it is concluded that a seven-lense scheme is approximately three times more tolerant to offset than a single lens. A random forest machine learning algorithm is also assessed for its suitability to estimate the offset and angle of the AUV in relation to the fixed sensor, based on the power distribution of each lens, in real time. The algorithm is able to estimate the offset and angular misalignment with a mean square error of 5 mm (6 mm) and 0.157 rad (0.174 rad) for a distance between the transmitter and receiver of 1 m and 0.5 m, respectively.

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Section: Underwater Photon Propagation Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Misalignment-Resilient Propagation Model for Underwater Optical Wireless Links

Araujo

Tavares

Marques

et al. 2022

Sensors

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Many methods of the RTE solution have been developed [8][9][10] and a short review on the numerical solution of RTE can be found in Ref. [11]. However, there are several assumptions in the derivation of RTE from first principles [12,13], such as the particles are located in the far-field zones of each other, the scatterers are considered as point scatterers and the position of particles are completely uncorrelated [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%