Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Assessment for future 5G networks

Persia, Samuela; Carciofi, Claudia; Barbiroli, Marina; Volta, C.; Bontempelli, Daniele; Anania, Giuseppe

doi:10.1109/pimrc.2018.8580919

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…These guidelines have formed the basis for recommendations by internationally recognized institutions such as the World Health Organization (WHO), the US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) [4], and the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), as well as the Recommendation of the European Council [5]. However, some countries or regions (such as Brussels, Belgium) have adopted their own, more strict legal regulations, which may delay or even impede the deployment of 5G networks due to EMF saturation where current limit levels have already been reached with pre-5G telecommunications infrastructure [6]- [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-situ Measurement Methodology for the Assessment of 5G NR Massive MIMO Base Station Exposure at Sub-6 GHz Frequencies

et al. 2019

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As the roll-out of the fifth generation (5G) of mobile telecommunications is well underway, standardized methods to assess the human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields from 5G base station radios are needed in addition to existing numerical models and preliminary measurement studies. Challenges following the introduction of 5G New Radio (NR) include the utilization of new spectrum bands and the widespread use of technological advances such as Massive MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) and beamforming. We propose a comprehensive and ready-to-use exposure assessment methodology for use with common spectrum analyzer equipment to measure or calculate in-situ the time-averaged instantaneous exposure and the theoretical maximum exposure from 5G NR base stations. Besides providing the correct method and equipment settings to capture the instantaneous exposure, the procedure also comprises a number of steps that involve the identification of the Synchronization Signal Block, which is the only 5G NR component that is transmitted periodically and at constant power, the assessment of the power density carried by its resources, and the subsequent extrapolation to the theoretical maximum exposure level. The procedure was validated on site for a 5G NR base station operating at 3.5 GHz, but it should be generally applicable to any 5G NR signal, i.e., as is for any sub-6 GHz signal and after adjustment of the proposed measurement settings for signals in the millimeter-wave range.INDEX TERMS 5G, radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), exposure assessment, measurement, massive MIMO, mobile telecommunications, new radio, spectrum analyzer.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In-situ Measurement Methodology for the Assessment of 5G NR Massive MIMO Base Station Exposure at Sub-6 GHz Frequencies

et al. 2019

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“…Interestingly, the average exposure observed by [72], [192] is in general lower than the limits imposed by law. This outcome is expected, as the works based on EMF estimations [15], [172] typically introduce different assumptions, in terms of, e.g., path loss models or maximum output power, which may be very conservative in a real environment. Eventually, the authors of [192] performed in an situ-measurement campaign that was conducted in the same city of [172], showing that only less than 1% of the total base stations locations are actually saturated.…”

Section: ) Saturation Levels Of Legacy Pre-5g Networkmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: ) Saturation Levels Of Legacy Pre-5g Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the literature, different works [15], [72], [172], [192] focus on the analysis of saturation zones in cellular networks subject to strict regulations. In this context, the EMF levels are either estimated [15], [172] or measured in proximity to the installations [72], [192]. Focusing on the former category, the authors of [15] take into account the real base station deployment in an urban area in Naples (Italy).…”

Section: ) Saturation Levels Of Legacy Pre-5g Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Results show that large saturation zones, in which the estimated EMF exposure is close to the limits, already emerge. The problem is also studied in [172], which is focused on the city of Bologna (Italy). By applying a set of conservative assumptions, which include, e.g., free space path loss and maximum radiated power from each deployed base station, the authors demonstrate the presence of high saturation levels for almost all the sites in the city center.…”

Section: ) Saturation Levels Of Legacy Pre-5g Networkmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Health Risks Associated With 5G Exposure: A View From the Communications Engineering Perspective

Chiaraviglio

Elzanaty²,

Alouini

2021

IEEE Open J. Commun. Soc.

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The deployment of the fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication services requires the installation of 5G nextgeneration Node-B Base Stations (gNBs) over the territory and the wide adoption of 5G User Equipment (UE). In this context, the population is concerned about the potential health risks associated with the Radio Frequency (RF) emissions from 5G equipment, with several communities actively working toward stopping the 5G deployment. To face these concerns, in this work, we analyze the health risks associated with 5G exposure by adopting a new and comprehensive viewpoint, based on the communications engineering perspective. By exploiting our background, we debunk the alleged health effects of 5G exposure and critically review the latest works that are often referenced to support the health concerns from 5G. We then precisely examine the up-to-date metrics, regulations, and assessment of compliance procedures for 5G exposure, by evaluating the latest guidelines from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and the United States Federal Communications Commission (FCC), as well as the national regulations in more than 220 countries. We also thoroughly analyze the main health risks that are frequently associated with specific 5G features (e.g., multipleinput multiple-output (MIMO), beamforming, cell densification, adoption of millimeter waves, and connection of millions of devices). Finally, we examine the risk mitigation techniques based on communications engineering that can be implemented to reduce the exposure from 5G gNB and UE. Overall, we argue that the widely perceived health risks that are attributed to 5G are not supported by scientific evidence from communications engineering. In addition, we explain how the solutions to minimize the health risks from 5G (including currently unknown effects) are already mature and ready to be implemented. Finally, future works, e.g., aimed at evaluating long-term impacts of 5G exposure, as well as innovative solutions to further reduce the RF emissions, are suggested.

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A comparison of measurement methodologies for the assessment of E-field level radiated by 5G NR base station

Milanovic,

Katalinic-Mucalo

2024

Wireless Netw

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Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Field Exposure Assessment for future 5G networks

Cited by 8 publications

References 2 publications

In-situ Measurement Methodology for the Assessment of 5G NR Massive MIMO Base Station Exposure at Sub-6 GHz Frequencies

In-situ Measurement Methodology for the Assessment of 5G NR Massive MIMO Base Station Exposure at Sub-6 GHz Frequencies

Health Risks Associated With 5G Exposure: A View From the Communications Engineering Perspective

A comparison of measurement methodologies for the assessment of E-field level radiated by 5G NR base station

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