Radio Frequency Radiation of Millimeter Wave Length

Abstract

Currently, technology is being developed that makes use of the millimeter wave (MMW) range (30-300 GHz) of the radio frequency region of the electromagnetic spectrum. As more and more systems come on line and are used in everyday applications, the possibility of inadvertent exposure of personnel to MMWs increases. To date, there has been no published discussion regarding the health effects of MMWs; this review attempts to fill that void. Because of the shallow depth of penetration, the energy and, therefore, heat associated with MMWs will be deposited within the first 1-2 mm of human skin. MMWs have been used in states of the former Soviet Union to provide therapeutic benefit in a number of diverse disease states, including skin disorders, gastric ulcers, heart disease and cancer. Conversely, the possibility exists that hazards might be associated with accidental overexposure to MMWs. This review attempts to critically analyze the likelihood of such acute effects as burn and eye damage, as well as potential long-term effects, including cancer.

Review on Acoustic Droplet Vaporization in Ultrasound Diagnostics and Therapeutics

“…Besides the utilization of the ADV in the cancer and tumor treatment and its strong features as an alternative to the invasive current methods, the ADV process itself was developed and some studies reported in the literature went through the limitation arose from the instant vaporization. In this regards, Zhang et al [94] indicated that it is possible to receive a continuous respond from the encapsulated NDs emulsion during radiofrequency (RF) ablation and avoid the long irradiation period and high amount of power dissipated during the radiofrequency [109]. Therefore, it is possible to improve the imaging quality while the RF ablation is enhanced via lowering the output power with the aid of metal-based nanoparticles used in the encapsulated droplets.…”

5G and EMF Exposure: Misinformation, Open Questions, and Potential Solutions

“…However, the penetration depth of mm-Waves inside the biological tissues is small, so the heating effect is mainly for the skin and eyes. In fact, the biological effects of mm-Waves have been investigated in several studies (Erwin and Hurt, 1981;Gandhi and Riazi, 1986;Riu et al, 1997;Kues et al, 1999;Ryan et al, 2000;Walters et al, 2000), albeit not in the context of 5G communications. The studies did not find adverse health impacts for mm-Wave exposure with levels below the guidelines (WHO, 2020).…”

PLGA-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Remotely Triggered Cancer Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications

“…Besides the ultrasound-and ACMF-triggered cancer therapy approach, the anti-cancer strategy triggered by radiofrequency (RF) has been extensively applied in various types of tumors (Miao et al, 2000;Dromain et al, 2002;Heynick et al, 2003). Although radiofrequency is a minimally invasive tool to inhibit tumor growth, the necessary high output power and long irradiation time of RF is needed, which can inevitably cause the damages to normal organs and tissues (Ryan et al, 2000). Magnetic metal nanoparticle have been validated to improve the ablated volume of tumors and in consequence promote the RF ablation of tumors, however, the high output power of RF is still needed to get high oscillating magnetic field (Kruse et al, 2011;Xu et al, 2012;Yun et al, 2014).…”