Radiocarbon Concentration in Pacific Ocean Water

Bien, G. S.; Rakestraw, Norris W.; Sueß, Hans E.

doi:10.1111/j.2153-3490.1960.tb01330.x

Cited by 60 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…We compiled observations of Δ 14 C in DIC from large‐scale hydrographic surveys [ Broecker and Peng , 1982; Key et al , 2004; Kumamoto et al , 2011a, 2011b; R. Key and A. McNichol, unpublished data, 2012] and individual cruises [ Nydal et al , 1998; Graven et al , 2012b; Broecker et al , 1960; Fairhall and Young , 1985; Linick , 1978; Aramaki et al , 2010; Bien et al , 1960, 1965; Druffel et al , 1989; Gamo et al , 1987; Delibrias , 1980; Guilderson et al , 2006; Kumamoto et al , 2002; Leboucher et al , 2004; Masiello et al , 1998; Povinec et al , 2004; Ribbe and Tomczak , 1997; Tsunogai et al , 1995], as well as observations of Δ 14 C in coral records [ Brown et al , 1993; Druffel and Griffin , 1995; Druffel , 1996; Druffel et al , 2001; Grumet et al , 2002, 2004; Guilderson and Schrag , 1998a, Guilderson et al , 1998b; Guilderson et al , 2000a, 2004; Morimoto et al , 2004; Mitsuguchi et al , 2004; Schmidt et al , 2004].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing controls on oceanic radiocarbon: New insights on shallow‐to‐deep ocean exchange and anthropogenic CO₂ uptake

Graven¹,

Gruber²,

Key³

et al. 2012

J. Geophys. Res.

119

146

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The injection of radiocarbon (14C) into the atmosphere by nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 1960s has provided a powerful tracer to investigate ocean physical and chemical processes. While the oceanic uptake of bomb‐derived 14C was primarily controlled by air‐sea exchange in the early decades after the bomb spike, we demonstrate that changes in oceanic 14C are now primarily controlled by shallow‐to‐deep ocean exchange, i.e., the same mechanism that governs anthropogenic CO2 uptake. This is a result of accumulated bomb 14C uptake that has rapidly decreased the air‐sea gradient of 14C/C (Δ14C) and shifted the main reservoir of bomb 14C from the atmosphere to the upper ocean. The air‐sea Δ14C gradient, reduced further by fossil fuel dilution, is now weaker than before weapons testing in most regions. Oceanic 14C, and particularly its temporal change, can now be used to study the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2. We examine observed changes in oceanic Δ14C between the WOCE/SAVE (1988–1995) and the CLIVAR (2001–2007) eras and simulations with two ocean general circulation models, the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) and the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean Model (ECCO). Observed oceanic Δ14C and its changes between the 1980s–90s and 2000s indicate that shallow‐to‐deep exchange is too efficient in ECCO and too sluggish in CCSM. These findings suggest that mean global oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO2 between 1990 and 2007 is bounded by the ECCO‐based estimate of 2.3 Pg C yr−1 and the CCSM‐based estimate of 1.7 Pg C yr−1.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changing controls on oceanic radiocarbon: New insights on shallow‐to‐deep ocean exchange and anthropogenic CO₂ uptake

Graven¹,

Gruber²,

Key³

et al. 2012

J. Geophys. Res.

119

146

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“…In an accompanying paper , we discuss the shallow distribution of radiocarbon restrict our comments here to the deeper features. As was known from the earliest observations (Bien et al, 1960;Bien et al, 1965), the deep distribution of ∆ 14 C in the Pacific is dominated by a mid-depth (2000-3000 m) minimum. This minimum results from the incursion below 4000 m in the west of younger, higher ∆ 14 C waters ultimately derived from Antarctic Bottom and North Atlantic Deep Waters (Ostlund and Stuiver, 1980;Schlitzer, 2007).…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

The deep distributions of helium isotopes, radiocarbon, and noble gases along the U.S. GEOTRACES East Pacific Zonal Transect (GP16)

et al. 2018

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We report the deep distributions of noble gases, helium isotopes, and radiocarbon measured during the U.S. GEOTRACES GP16 East Pacific Zonal Transect between 152 and 77°W at 12-15°S in the South Pacific. The dominant feature is an intense tongue of hydrothermal effluent that extends more than 4,000 km westward from the East Pacific Rise (EPR) at ~2500m depth. The patterns reveal significant "downstream" variations in water mass structure, advection, and mixing that belie the simple perception of a continuous plume extending westward from the EPR. For example, one feature observed at 120°W, 14°S has tracer signatures that are consistent with a water mass originating from an area as much as 2,000 km south of this section, suggesting a quasi-permanent northward flow on the western flank of the EPR. Helium isotope variations in the plume show a uniquely high In the western end of the section, incoming bottom waters have relatively less hydrothermal hydrothermal helium, more radiocarbon, and more oxygen, as well as negative saturation anomalies for the heavy noble gases (Ar, Kr, and Xe). During the basin-scale upwelling of this water, diapycnal mixing serves to erase these negative anomalies. The relative magnitudes of the increases for the heavy noble gases (Ar, Kr, and Xe) are quantitatively consistent with this process. This leads us to estimate the relatively smaller effects on He and Ne saturations, which range from near zero to 0.2% and 0.3% respectively. With this information, we are able to refine our estimates of the magnitude of He ratio of non-atmospheric helium introduced into deep Pacific waters.pg. 2

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“…It has been shown by numerous investigators that dissolved inorganic carbon and calcareous skeletons of living organisms in the surface ocean are depleted in radiocarbon with respect to that in the atmosphere (Bien et al, 1960;Nozaki et al, 1978;Druffel and Linick, 1978). Therefore, in order to determine the time since death of the Costa Rican corals, the apparent radiocarbon age of the surface ocean must be subtracted from the radiocarbon age of the individual samples.…”

Section: Coral Colony Sizes and Acanthaster Feeding Preferencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A dead Central American coral reef tract: Possible link with the Little Ice Age

Glynn¹,

Druffel

Dunbar

1983

J Mar Res

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Radiocarbon analyses, stable i'sotopic measurements and extensive field observations were made of coral reefs off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and Panama, These analyses showed that live coral reefs in the Gulf of Papagayo, Costa Rica, were severely depleted in number, size and variety of species, compared to reefs in the major upwelling zone of the Gulf of Panama, Coral growth in the Gulf of Papagayo consisted mainly of dead reefs that died from 150-300 years B.P, The 0 18 0 records revealed that most of the dead reefs were exposed to relatively cool water immediately preceding death, We propose that during the latter part of the Little Ice Age there was probably an equatorward shift of the Northern Trade Wind system, which caused an intensification of upwelling at lower latitudes, This increased upwelling was the likely cause of the demise of coral reefs in the Gulf of Papagayo,

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Radiocarbon Concentration in Pacific Ocean Water

Cited by 60 publications

References 8 publications

Changing controls on oceanic radiocarbon: New insights on shallow‐to‐deep ocean exchange and anthropogenic CO₂ uptake

Changing controls on oceanic radiocarbon: New insights on shallow‐to‐deep ocean exchange and anthropogenic CO₂ uptake

The deep distributions of helium isotopes, radiocarbon, and noble gases along the U.S. GEOTRACES East Pacific Zonal Transect (GP16)

A dead Central American coral reef tract: Possible link with the Little Ice Age

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Radiocarbon Concentration in Pacific Ocean Water

Cited by 60 publications

References 8 publications

Changing controls on oceanic radiocarbon: New insights on shallow‐to‐deep ocean exchange and anthropogenic CO2 uptake

Changing controls on oceanic radiocarbon: New insights on shallow‐to‐deep ocean exchange and anthropogenic CO2 uptake

The deep distributions of helium isotopes, radiocarbon, and noble gases along the U.S. GEOTRACES East Pacific Zonal Transect (GP16)

A dead Central American coral reef tract: Possible link with the Little Ice Age

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Changing controls on oceanic radiocarbon: New insights on shallow‐to‐deep ocean exchange and anthropogenic CO₂ uptake

Changing controls on oceanic radiocarbon: New insights on shallow‐to‐deep ocean exchange and anthropogenic CO₂ uptake