Radiochemical Studies of the Interaction of Lead with Protons in the Energy Range 0.6 to 3.0 Bev

Wolfgang, Richard; Baker, E.; Caretto, A.A.; Cumming, J. B.; Friedlander, Gérard; Hudis, J.

doi:10.1103/physrev.103.394

Cited by 100 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…There is a "shoulder" near the target, and a steep fall-off for decreasing mass number. For a given beam-target combination the shoulder becomes broader and lower, and the fall-off becomes less steep at increasing incident energies [1][2][3]6]. For a given target and equivalent total incident energy, the shoulder is broader when instead of proton, heavy-ion beams are used [5][6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Mass-yield distribution in proton and heavy ion induced target fragmentation processes

et al. 1982

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Zeitschdft ~4"t'~r for Physik A /"~ILUI I IN~ and Nuclei @~ Springer-Verlag 1982 It is shown that nuclear target fragmentation in proton and heavy ion induced reactions, in particular the following experimental facts concerning the mass-yield distribution can be understood in terms of a semiclassical model: (i) its independence on the mass of the projectile at approximately the same incident energies, (ii) its trend of approaching a limit at higher bombarding energies, (iii) its "U-formed" shape at sufficiently high bombarding energies. Standard methods in statistical theory of chemical equilibrium are used to calculate the mass-yield distribution for medium and heavy target nuclei in high-energy nuclear reactions where the Coulomb interaction between the fragments is taken into account selfconsistently. The result shows: The fact that the decaying rest target nucleus and its fragments are bounded objects of finite size and finite charge have significant influences, especially on the tbrm of the mass-yield distributions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Mass-yield distribution in proton and heavy ion induced target fragmentation processes

et al. 1982

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“…One complication with this model was the observation that lighter clusters exhibited forward-peaked angular distributions, suggesting that a prompt non-statistical mechanism must also be present. Another perceptive proposal was that pion production and reabsorbtion could be a major mechanism for excitation-energy deposition in the heavy residual nucleus [4,5]. These studies, carried out at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Brookhaven National Laboratory and in Russia, laid the groundwork for future studies and are reviewed in [6,7,8,9].…”

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Light-ion-induced multifragmentation: The ISiS project

et al. 2006

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An extensive study of GeV light-ion-induced multifragmentation and its possible interpretation in terms of a nuclear liquid-gas phase transition has been performed with the Indiana Silicon Sphere (ISiS) 4π detector array. Measurements were performed with 5-15 GeV/c p, p, and π − beams incident on 197 Au and 2-5 GeV 3 He incident on nat Ag and 197 Au targets. Both the reaction dynamics and the subsequent decay of the heavy residues have been explored. The data provide evidence Preprint submitted to Elsevier Science 10 March 2018for a dramatic change in the reaction observables near an excitation energy of E*/A = 4-5 MeV per residue nucleon. In this region, fragment multiplicities and energy spectra indicate emission from an expanded/dilute source on a very short time scale (20-50 fm/c). These properties, along with caloric curve and scaling-law behavior, yield a pattern that is consistent with a nuclear liquid-gas phase transition.

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“…study·could.be approximately expressed by the empirical relation- for Z = [6][7][8][9][10][11], and £ = 1.2 for Z = [12][13][14][15][16][17][18]. If we define T as the thickness of the ~E detector it is possible to derive from the above relationship the following expression, which has the useful feature that the quantity T/a is a constant for a particle with a given Z and A regardless of the energy of the particle.…”

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Fragment Production in the Interaction of 5.5-GeV Protons with Uranium

1971

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'ABSTRACTThe energy spectra of nuclear fragments produced by the interaction of 5.5-GeV protons with uranium have been determined at several laboratory angles by means of dE/dx -E measurements with semiconductor detector telescopes. Individual isotopes of the elements from hydrogen to carbon were resolved and from nitrogen to argon the study was continued for the elements without isotopic separation. The evaporation-like energy spectra were integrated to obtain angular distributions and total cross sections for the isotopes of helium through carbon. Total cross sections for many rare isotopes were also estimated. The yield surface constructed from these cross sections has a ridge-like shape positioned 9ne neutron in excess of the line of beta stability. The yields fall off more steeply on the neutron-deficient side and exhibit odd-even effects reflecting those of the mass surface. The energy spectra of the neutron-deficient isotopes differ from the others in that the high-energy parts of the spectra are more pronounced and flatter, and the angular distributions are more forward peaked.Some of the energy spectra were fitted with calculated curves based on the isotropic evaporation df fragments from a system moving along the beam axis.The apparent Coulomb barriers obtained from this analysis were about one half -iv-UCRL-18996 the nominal Coulomb barriers and the apparent nuclear temperatures fell in the 10 to 13 MeV range. For the highest energy fragments observed at 90° the apparent temperatures rose to 20 MeV. From the forward-backward shifts in energy it was deduced that the average velocity of the moving system is about 0.006 c and that there is a positive correlation between this velocity and the velocity of the fragments in the moving system. However, all of the data are more peaked forward in intensity than can be explained by this simple two-step model.Radiochemical cross sections are also presented for the production of 7 Be from uranium, silver, and aluminum, and for 22 Na from aluminum. UCRL-18996

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Radiochemical Studies of the Interaction of Lead with Protons in the Energy Range 0.6 to 3.0 Bev

Abstract: PHILIP ROSEN From Eqs. (29) and (30), we find R ADIOCHEMICAL studies of a wide variety of products resulting from the bombardment of bismuth with 340-Mev, 1 480-Mev, 2 and 660-Mev 3 pro-* Research performed under the auspices of the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission.f Now at

Cited by 100 publications

References 24 publications

Mass-yield distribution in proton and heavy ion induced target fragmentation processes

Mass-yield distribution in proton and heavy ion induced target fragmentation processes

Light-ion-induced multifragmentation: The ISiS project

Fragment Production in the Interaction of 5.5-GeV Protons with Uranium

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