“…A total of 25 nonrandomized studies (21 retrospective, 4 prospective) published between 2008 and 2022 were included based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria (Supplementary Fig. 1) [5] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [19] , [20] , [24] , [25] , [26] , [27] , [28] , [29] , [30] , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] . All included studies reported exclusively on metastatic spinal tumors.…”