Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure inside the metro tube infrastructure in Warszawa

Gryz, Krzysztof; Karpowicz, Jolanta

doi:10.3109/15368378.2015.1076447

Cited by 21 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…A study by Gryz et al [63] investigated the levels of RF-EMF exposure inside the metro infrastructure in Warsaw by frequency-selective exposimeters. Results showed that most of the exposure was due to mobile phones base transceiver stations and handsets used by the passengers (GSM 900 and UMTS 2100) and to local wireless Internet access (WiFi 2G).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Assessment in Indoor Environments: A Review

Chiaramello

Bonato

Fiocchi

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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Exposure to radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in indoor environments depends on both outdoor sources such as radio, television and mobile phone antennas and indoor sources, such as mobile phones and wireless communications applications. Establishing the levels of exposure could be challenging due to differences in the approaches used in different studies. The goal of this study is to present an overview of the last ten years research efforts about RF EMF exposure in indoor environments, considering different RF-EMF sources found to cause exposure in indoor environments, different indoor environments and different approaches used to assess the exposure. The highest maximum mean levels of the exposure considering the whole RF-EMF frequency band was found in offices (1.14 V/m) and in public transports (0.97 V/m), while the lowest levels of exposure were observed in homes and apartments, with mean values in the range 0.13–0.43 V/m. The contribution of different RF-EMF sources to the total level of exposure was found to show slightly different patterns among the indoor environments, but this finding has to be considered as a time-dependent picture of the continuous evolving exposure to RF-EMF.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Assessment in Indoor Environments: A Review

Chiaramello

Bonato

Fiocchi

et al. 2019

IJERPH

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“…Grytz and Karpowicz ( 33 ) measured RF radiation inside the metro in Warsaw. The major source of exposure was the 900 GSM system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are few studies in this area on public exposure, other than for example outdoor exposure in urban and rural areas in Sweden ( 31 ), in a workplace ( 32 ), the metro in Warsaw ( 33 ) and a study with body-worn exposimeters in The Netherlands ( 34 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Radiofrequency radiation at Stockholm Central Railway Station in Sweden and some medical aspects on public exposure to RF fields

Hardell

Koppel

Carlberg

et al. 2016

International Journal of Oncology

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The Stockholm Central Railway Station in Sweden was investigated for public radiofrequency (RF) radiation exposure. The exposimeter EME Spy 200 was used to collect the RF exposure data across the railway station. The exposimeter covers 20 different radiofrequency bands from 88 to 5,850 MHz. In total 1,669 data points were recorded. The median value for total exposure was 921 μW/m2 (or 0.092 μW/cm2; 1 μW/m2=0.0001 μW/cm2) with some outliers over 95,544 μW/m2 (6 V/m, upper detection limit). The mean total RF radiation level varied between 2,817 to 4,891 μW/m2 for each walking round. High mean measurements were obtained for GSM + UMTS 900 downlink varying between 1,165 and 2,075 μW/m2. High levels were also obtained for UMTS 2100 downlink; 442 to 1,632 μW/m2. Also LTE 800 downlink, GSM 1800 downlink, and LTE 2600 downlink were in the higher range of measurements. Hot spots were identified, for example close to a wall mounted base station yielding over 95,544 μW/m2 and thus exceeding the exposimeter's detection limit. Almost all of the total measured levels were above the precautionary target level of 3–6 μW/m2 as proposed by the BioInitiative Working Group in 2012. That target level was one-tenth of the scientific benchmark providing a safety margin either for children, or chronic exposure conditions. We compare the levels of RF radiation exposures identified in the present study to published scientific results reporting adverse biological effects and health harm at levels equivalent to, or below those measured in this Stockholm Central Railway Station project. It should be noted that these RF radiation levels give transient exposure, since people are generally passing through the areas tested, except for subsets of people who are there for hours each day of work.

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“…This is explained by the fact that trams run mainly in or close to the central business district of the cities. Furthermore, [9] analyzes the RF-EMF exposure levels within a metro by means of frequency-selective exposimeters, concluding that the most significant levels of exposure were caused by mobile phones used by the passengers and local wireless Internet connections (Wi-Fi 2G). Other authors in [10], [11] assessed the impact in RF-EMF exposure within a train having a femtocell within the wagon infrastructure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From 2G to 5G Spatial Modeling of Personal RF-EMF Exposure Within Urban Public Trams

et al. 2020

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The upcoming design and implementation of the new generation of 5G cellular systems, jointly with the multiple wireless communication systems that nowadays coexist within vehicular environments, leads to Heterogeneous Network challenging urban scenarios. In this framework, user's Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields (RF-EMF) radiation exposure assessment is pivotal, to verify compliance with current legislation thresholds. In this work, an in-depth study of the E-field characterization of the personal mobile communications within urban public trams is presented, considering different cellular technologies (from 2G to 5G). Specifically, frequency bands in the range of 5G NR frequency range 1 (FR1) and millimeter wave (mm-wave) bands within frequency range 2 (FR2) have been analyzed for 5G scenarios, considering their dispersive material properties. A simulation approach is presented to assess user mobile phone base station up-link radiation exposure, considering all the significant features of urban transportation trams in terms of structure morphology and topology or the materials employed. In addition, different user densities have been considered at different frequency bands, from 2G to 5G (FR1 and FR2), by means of an inhouse developed deterministic 3D Ray-Launching (3D-RL) technique in order to provide clear insight spatial E-field distribution, including the impact in the use of directive antennas and beamforming techniques, within realistic operation conditions. Discussion in relation with current exposure limits have been presented, showing that for all cases, E-Field results are far below the maximum reference levels established by the ICNIRP guidelines. By means of a complete E-field campaign of measurements, performed with both, a personal exposimeter (PEM) and a spectrum analyzer within a real tram wagon car, the proposed methodology has been validated showing good agreement with the experimental measurements. In consequence, a simulationbased analysis methodology for dosimetry estimation is provided, aiding in the assessment of current and future cellular deployments in complex heterogeneous vehicular environments.

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Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation exposure inside the metro tube infrastructure in Warszawa

Cited by 21 publications

References 14 publications

Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Assessment in Indoor Environments: A Review

Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields Exposure Assessment in Indoor Environments: A Review

Radiofrequency radiation at Stockholm Central Railway Station in Sweden and some medical aspects on public exposure to RF fields

From 2G to 5G Spatial Modeling of Personal RF-EMF Exposure Within Urban Public Trams

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