Raffinose synthase and galactinol synthase in developing seeds and leaves of legumes

Castillo, Edmundo; Lumen, Benito O. de; Reyes, P.; Lumen, Helen Z. De

doi:10.1021/jf00092a003

Cited by 91 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…It has been reported that invertase activity is increased in plants subjected to low temperatures (Graham and Patterson, 1982;Tronsmo et al, 1993). In plants accumulating raffinose during acclimation, an increase in galactinol synthase activity has also been observed (Castillo et al, 1990). A detailed analysis of the different enzyme activities and gene expressions in our two suspensions during acclimation, would be necessary to investigate the changes in carbohydrate metabolism induced by hardening.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Enrichment in Specific Soluble Sugars of Two Eucalyptus Cell-Suspension Cultures by Various Treatments Enhances Their Frost Tolerance via a Noncolligative Mechanism

et al. 1997

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A cell-suspension culture obtained from the hybrid Eucalyptus gunnii/Eucalyptus globulus was hardened by exposure to lower temperatures, whereas in the same conditions cells from a hybrid with a more frost-sensitive genotype, Eucalyptus cypellocarpa/ Eucalyptus globulus, were not able to acclimate. During the cold exposure the resistant cells accumulated soluble sugars, in particular fructose and sucrose, with a limited increase i n cell osmolality.I n contrast, the cell suspension that was unable to acclimate did not accumulate soluble sugars in response to the same cold treatment.To an extent similar to that induced after a cold acclimation, frost-hardiness of the cells increased after a 14-h incubation with specific soluble sugars such as sucrose, raffinose, fructose, and mannitol. Such hardening was also observed for long-term cultures in mannitol-enriched medium. This cryoprotective effect of sugars without exposure t o lower temperatures was observed i n both the resistant and the sensitive genotypes. Mannitol was one of the most efficient carbohydrates for the cryoprotection of eucalyptus. l h e best hardiness (a 2.7-fold increase in relative freezing tolerance) was obtained for the resistant cells by the cumulative effect of cold-induced acclimation and mannitol treatment. This positive effect of certain sugars on eucalyptus freezing tolerance was not colligative, since it was independent of osmolality and total sugar content.Many plants become more resistant to freezing temperatures when first exposed to low, nonfreezing temperatures, a process known as cold acclimation or cold hardening. Cell-suspension cultures derived from plants capable of cold acclimation can also be hardened to withstand freezing, but few data are available on low-temperatureinduced cold acclimation in cell suspensions derived from woody plants (Hellergren, 1983;Tremblay et al., 1992;Arora and Wisniewski, 1995;Leborgne et al., 1995b).Biochemical changes associated with cold acclimation include alterations in the concentrations of a wide range of metabolites, including sugars (Hallgren and Oquist, 1990 These complex changes indicate that cellular metabolism undergoes considerable modifications during acclimation, but the cause/effect relationships have not been clearly established. Carbohydrates that are compatible solutes with a demonstrated cryoprotectant activity are often reported to accumulate at low temperatures (acclimation). These include oligosaccharides such as Suc and raffinose, and polyols such as sorbitol and mannitol. Carbohydrates seem to function in two ways that are often difficult to distinguish: osmotic adjustment (a colligative effect) and cryoprotection of cellular structures.Eucalyptus, an evergreen woody plant exhibiting excellent productivity, good fiber quality, and high pulp yield, is grown extensively around the world, mostly for pulp making. However, a major limitation to the expansion of these plantations is the relatively high frost sensitivity of some species. For example, for Eucalyptus globulus, one...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 80%

Enrichment in Specific Soluble Sugars of Two Eucalyptus Cell-Suspension Cultures by Various Treatments Enhances Their Frost Tolerance via a Noncolligative Mechanism

et al. 1997

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“…74, te necessary for raffinose and stachyose formation (Castillo et al 1990). Accumulation of RFOs can also be affected by the level of myo-inositol, which is a substrate for galactinol biosynthesis (Keller et al 1998).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbohydrates in Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica

Piotrowicz-Cieślak¹,

Giełwanowska²,

Bochenek³

et al. 2011

Acta Soc Bot Pol

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“…RFOs accumulate in the late stages of soybean (Glycine max) seed maturation and desiccation, indicating that they play a role in the desiccation tolerance of seeds as osmoprotectants (Saravitz et al, 1987;Castillo et al, 1990). Furthermore, RFOs protect unilamellar liposomes from dehydration by direct sugar-membrane interactions in vitro (Hincha et al, 2003).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Galactinol and Raffinose Constitute a Novel Function to Protect Plants from Oxidative Damage

2008

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Galactinol synthase (GolS) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides that function as osmoprotectants in plant cells. In leaves of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants overexpressing heat shock transcription factor A2 (HsfA2), the transcription of GolS1, -2, and -4 and raffinose synthase 2 (RS2) was highly induced; thus, levels of galactinol and raffinose increased compared with those in wild-type plants under control growth conditions. In leaves of the wild-type plants, treatment with 50 mM methylviologen (MV) increased the transcript levels of not only HsfA2, but also GolS1, -2, -3, -4, and -8 and RS2, -4, -5, and -6, the total activities of GolS isoenzymes, and the levels of galactinol and raffinose. GolS1-or GolS2-overexpressing Arabidopsis plants (Ox-GolS1-11, Ox-GolS2-8, and Ox-GolS2-29) had increased levels of galactinol and raffinose in the leaves compared with wild-type plants under control growth conditions. High intracellular levels of galactinol and raffinose in the transgenic plants were correlated with increased tolerance to MV treatment and salinity or chilling stress. Galactinol and raffinose effectively protected salicylate from attack by hydroxyl radicals in vitro. These findings suggest the possibility that galactinol and raffinose scavenge hydroxyl radicals as a novel function to protect plant cells from oxidative damage caused by MV treatment, salinity, or chilling.

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Raffinose synthase and galactinol synthase in developing seeds and leaves of legumes

Cited by 91 publications

References 9 publications

Enrichment in Specific Soluble Sugars of Two Eucalyptus Cell-Suspension Cultures by Various Treatments Enhances Their Frost Tolerance via a Noncolligative Mechanism

Enrichment in Specific Soluble Sugars of Two Eucalyptus Cell-Suspension Cultures by Various Treatments Enhances Their Frost Tolerance via a Noncolligative Mechanism

Carbohydrates in Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica

Galactinol and Raffinose Constitute a Novel Function to Protect Plants from Oxidative Damage

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