Raising Children with Poor School Performance: Parenting Styles and Short- and Long-Term Consequences for Adolescent and Adult Development

Abstract

This study examines the correlates of authoritative (warmth and strictness), indulgent (warmth but not strictness), authoritarian (strictness but not warmth), and neglectful (neither warmth nor strictness) parenting with short- and long-term socialization outcomes in adolescents and adults, with and without poor school performance during adolescence. Short- and long-term socialization outcomes were captured by multidimensional self-esteem (academic/professional, emotional, and family), psychological maturity (self-competence, social competence, and empathy), and emotional maladjustment (nervousness, emotional instability, and hostility). Participants (1195 female and 874 male) consisted of a community sample of adolescents (n = 602), young adults (n = 610), middle-aged adults (n = 469) and older adults (n = 388). Design was a 4 × 3 × 2 × 4 MANOVA (parenting style × school performance × sex × age). Results indicated that the relationship between parenting styles and children’s socialization outcomes does not vary as a function of school performance. The link between parenting styles and socialization outcomes shares a common short- and long- term pattern in adolescents and adults: Indulgent parenting was related to equal or even better socialization outcomes than authoritative parenting, whereas authoritarian and neglectful styles were associated with the worst socialization outcomes.

The Influence of Parenting and Birth Order in Correlation with School Phobia

“…The pressure given by parenting with strict control will add to the stressor in the life activity of the school that potentially aggravates school phobia. This is in accordance with the research that parents using the authoritarian parenting is associated with the behavior of Advances in Health Sciences Research, volume 15 aggression and lack of ability in other people's acceptance, self-esteem, ability to socialize, education and academic achievement at school [7] [12] [13].…”

Parenting Warmth and Strictness across Three Generations: Parenting Styles and Psychosocial Adjustment

“…As in some previous studies, the following sentence was included in the instructions: “Here are some phrases or statements that describe how parents act with their children. Compare each statement to the way your mother and father treated you when you were a child” [ 1 , 49 , 59 , 60 ]. All the statements are in past tense.…”

“…The AF5, originally validated with a sample of more than 6000 adolescents and adults, has good psychometric properties for both age groups [ 50 , 67 , 69 , 70 ]. Additionally, the AF5 scale is commonly used in studies with adults [ 1 , 50 , 71 , 72 ]. The penta-factorial structure of this instrument as well as its invariance for sex and age have been confirmed in several studies across different countries, such as the USA [ 73 ], Chile [ 74 ], Portugal [ 69 ], Brazil [ 75 ], Spain [ 76 , 77 ] and China [ 78 ].…”

“…Parental socialization is an adult-initiated process (parents or primary caretakers) by which the young person acquires the culture and the habits and values congruent with adaptation to that culture, so that young person become responsible members of their society. Parental socialization is over when the adolescent reaches the adult age [ 1 , 2 ]. In the study of parental socialization, scholars examine the influence of parents on children through two different parenting practices (theoretically independent or unrelated): those of warmth and those of strictness.…”

“…The present study aims to examine cross-generational changes in parenting practices and the link between parenting styles and psychosocial adjustment in adulthood across three generations in a European country (i.e., Spain). Interestingly, an emerging body of research suggests that parental socialization could be related to long-term psychosocial adjustment beyond adolescence [ 1 , 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 , 50 ]. Findings from these studies revealed that differences in parental socialization showed a long-term, consistent, theoretically predictable pattern with psychological adjustment, not only in adolescent children, but also in adult children, including young, middle-aged, and older adults.…”