Raman spectroscopy for fluid inclusion analysis

Frezzotti, Maria Luce; Tecce, Francesca; Casagli, Alessio

doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.09.009

Cited by 592 publications

(403 citation statements)

References 166 publications

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“…The boiling of mineralizing fluids is one of the most important factors in precipitation of mineralization in ore deposits [20]. …”

Section: Evidence Of Boiling In the Masjed Daghi Mineralizing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fluid Inclusion Investigations of the Masjed Daghi Copper-Gold Porphyry-Epithermal Mineralization, East Azerbaijan Province, NW Iran

Atalou¹,

Nazafati²,

Lotfi³

et al. 2017

OJG

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The Masjed Daghi mineralization is located 30 km southeast of Jolfa city at the bank of Araxes River, northwest Iran. This area is situated in the AlborzAzarbaijan structural zone of Iran. The most widespread rocks in the mineralization area are andesite and trachyandesite, while there are rock units of latite tuff, andesitic agglomerate, and hornblende porphyry basalt in eastern hills and Eocene flysch in the southern part of the area. Several intrusive bodies are present in the study area, from which the dominant intrusive rock hosting the mineralization is diorite porphyry. The mineralized rock units of the area are cut by different diorite ad mafic dikes. The most prevalent texture of mineralization is dissemination, while open space filling textures including veins and veinlets, are common as well. Diverse types of alteration including potassic, phyllic, argillic, silicification, and a little of carbonatization were recognized in the field and microscopic observations as well as by XRD. In addition to thick silica veins and stockwork zones, some silica, barite, sulfide, and calcite veins and veinlets have occurred in the Masjed Daghi mineralization area. In this research, 26 doubly polished thin sections (wafers) were prepared and investigated. Four samples were taken from surface veins, while 22 samples were chosen from core samples (of 6 boreholes) of white and greywhite silica, and silica-barite veins. The fluid inclusion studies on 105 primary fluid inclusions indicated five phases for inclusions including: 1) liquid or gas, 2) liquid and gas, 3) liquid, gas, and solid, 4) liquid, gas, halite, and solid, and 5) liquid, gas, halite, and two types of solids. The data gained from fluid inclusions approved two mineralization fluids which caused porphyry and epi- 1111 Open Journal of Geology thermal mineralizations. The porphyry fluid inclusions were homogenized in temperatures of 122˚C to 550˚C with a maximum of 700˚C and average salinity of 55 wt% NaCl equivalent, while the epithermal inclusions indicated an average homogenization temperature of 186˚C with an average salinity of 6.23 wt% NaCl equivalent.

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“…The boiling of mineralizing fluids is one of the most important factors in precipitation of mineralization in ore deposits [20]. …”

Section: Evidence Of Boiling In the Masjed Daghi Mineralizing Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Based on the Wilkinson diagram [20], all abovementioned samples are situated in the range of porphyry mineralization type (Figure 4). …”

Section: Evidence For Porphyry Mineralization In Masjed Daghimentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluid Inclusion Investigations of the Masjed Daghi Copper-Gold Porphyry-Epithermal Mineralization, East Azerbaijan Province, NW Iran

Atalou¹,

Nazafati²,

Lotfi³

et al. 2017

OJG

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“…% NaCl). In this type of fluid inclusions, the total homogenization ( Fig According to Thomas et al, 2011Thomas et al, , 2012Sun and Qin, 2011;Davidson, 2012a, 2012b;and Frezzotti et al, 2012, HCO 3 -and CO 3 2-are common species dissolved in the aqueous phase of hydrothermal fluids, namely those that formed Sn-W deposits. However, we did not find these species in the analyzed fluid inclusions from the Carris ore deposit…”

Section: Aqueous Fluidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metallogenesis at the Carris W–Mo–Sn deposit (Gerês, Portugal): Constraints from fluid inclusions, mineral geochemistry, Re–Os and He–Ar isotopes

Moura

Dória

Neiva

et al. 2014

Ore Geology Reviews

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The Carris orebody consists of two partially exploited W-Mo-Sn quartz veins formed during successive shear stages and multipulse fluid fillings. They cut the Variscan post-D3 Gerês Itype granite. The most important ore minerals are wolframite, scheelite, molybdenite and cassiterite. There are two generations of wolframite. The earlier generation of wolframite is rare and has the highest WO 4 Mn content (91 mol%) and the most common wolframite contains 26-57 mol% WO 4 Mn. Re-Os dating of molybdenite from the ore quartz veins and surrounding granite yield ages of 279 ±1.2 Ma and 280.3±1.2 Ma, respectively which are in very good agreement with the previous ID-TIMS U-Pb zircon age for the Carris granite (280±5 Ma). The fluid inclusion studies on quartz intergrown with wolframite and scheelite, beryl and fluorite reveal that two distinct fluid types were involved in the genesis of this deposit. The first was a low to medium salinity aqueous carbonic fluid (CO 2 between 4-14 mol%) with less than 1.95 mol% N 2 , which was only found in quartz associated with wolframite. The other was a low salinity aqueous fluid found in all the four minerals. The homogenization temperatures indicate minimum entrapment temperatures of 226-310ºC (average 280ºC) for the H 2 O-CO 2 -N 2 -NaCl fluid and averages temperatures of 266ºC for scheelite and 242ºC, 190ºC and 160ºC for the last generations of beryl, fluorite and quartz, respectively. It was estimated that wolframite was deposited ~7 km depth, assuming a lithostatic pressure, probably due to strong pressure fluctuation caused by seismic events triggered by brittle tectonics during the exhumation event. A C C E P T E D M A N U S C R I P T ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPTPrecipitation of scheelite and sulphides took place later, at the same depth, but under an hydrostatic or suprahydrostatic pressure regime, and probably caused by mixing between the magmatic-hydrothermal fluid and meteoric waters that deeply penetrated the basement during post-Variscan decompression.

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“…One of the main advantages, however, is that minerals as small as a few nanometers can be analyzed non-destructively by modern confocal Raman spectrometer systems. In addition, Raman spectroscopic analysis can be conducted on liquid and gas samples making it an interesting tool for studying inclusions in minerals [4,5]. This means that Raman spectroscopy can provide information about the factors controlling mineral nucleation [6,7] as well as be used to find cryptic clues for mineral formation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tracing Mineral Reactions Using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy

Geisler

2018

Minerals

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Raman spectroscopy is a powerful tool used to identify mineral phases, study aqueous solutions and gas inclusions as well as providing crystallinity, crystallographic orientation and chemistry of mineral phases. When united with isotopic tracers, the information gained from Raman spectroscopy can be expanded and includes kinetic information on isotope substitution and replacement mechanisms. This review will examine the research to date that utilizes Raman spectroscopy and isotopic tracers. Beginning with the Raman effect and its use in mineralogy, the review will show how the kinetics of isotope exchange between an oxyanion and isotopically enriched water can be determined in situ. Moreover, we show how isotope tracers can help to unravel the mechanisms of mineral replacement that occur at the nanoscale and how they lead to the formation of pseudomorphs. Finally, the use of isotopic tracers as an in situ clock for mineral replacement processes will be discussed as well as where this area of research can potentially be applied in the future.

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Raman spectroscopy for fluid inclusion analysis

Cited by 592 publications

References 166 publications

Fluid Inclusion Investigations of the Masjed Daghi Copper-Gold Porphyry-Epithermal Mineralization, East Azerbaijan Province, NW Iran

Fluid Inclusion Investigations of the Masjed Daghi Copper-Gold Porphyry-Epithermal Mineralization, East Azerbaijan Province, NW Iran

Metallogenesis at the Carris W–Mo–Sn deposit (Gerês, Portugal): Constraints from fluid inclusions, mineral geochemistry, Re–Os and He–Ar isotopes

Tracing Mineral Reactions Using Confocal Raman Spectroscopy

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