Ramification of gum arabic microencapsulation on the physicochemical and microbiological properties of butterfly pea (Clitoria ternatea) flowers using ultrasonic spray dryer

Abstract

Butterfly Pea (Clitoria ternatea) flower is commonly used to treat various diseases and has long been part of the science of phytomedicines. Ultrasonic assisted extraction technique is a simple, cheap and efficient alternative to traditional extraction methods, producing a much smaller particle size than conventional spray drier. This study was aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological properties of microencapsulated butterfly pea flower (MEBP) powder prepared using ultrasonic spraying technique. The samples were microencapsulated with different amount of Gum Arabic (GA) (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10%). Surface morphology of the MEBP powder was examined using SEM showed different molecular structures in different MEBP powder. FTIR analysis identified phenolic hydroxyl group (1061.69 cm-1 and 3385.36 cm-1 ), sulfite group (1062.01 cm-1 , 1065.92 cm-1 , 1077.15 cm-1 , 1234.72 cm-1 and 1261.74 cm-1 ) and amide group (1635.99 cm-1 , 1636.74 cm-1 , 1654.14 cm-1 and 3417.2 cm-1 ). 2,2-diphenyl-1 -picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), thiobarbituric acid (TBA), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) found to be ranging from 35.85±0.57 to 130.85±3.00 mg GAE/g dried sample, 4.32±0.04 to 6.90±0.11 mg QE/g dried sample, respectively. It was found that Bacillus cereus was sensitive to MEBP powder as the results showed a prominent inhibition zone (5.67±0.6 mm to 11.67±2.3 mm). MEBP produced with GA 6% ultrasonic spray drier was found to be effective in sustaining its antioxidative activities and the microbial activities were found to be active. This result provided useful information data on the best technique to use ultrasonic spray dryer to retain antioxidant compounds.

Clitoria ternatea Flower and Its Bioactive Compounds: Potential Use as Microencapsulated Ingredient for Functional Foods

“…Fuzetti [13] spray dried anthocyanin extract from C. ternatea with an inlet temperature of 140 • C and an outlet temperature of 82 • C, as well as combined gelatin and maltodextrin as coating agents, which showed the most appropriate physicochemical and morphological properties of the microcapsules. Another study microencapsulated C. ternatea extract with an ultrasonic spray dryer outlet temperature of 90 • C and a wall material of 6% of Arabic gum indicated thst the efficiency of antioxidant activity retention and antimicrobial activity was found to be active [79]. Righi da Rosa et al [88] microencapsulated anthocyanin extract from blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)…”

“…Nevertheless, the antioxidant activity detected with the TBA test was lower than the DPPH method. This may be caused by the lipid peroxidation in the secondary stage, which is higher than the initial stage [79]. Moreover, there is a peak concentration of Arabic gum, which is the most effective concentration to maintain the antioxidant activity of microencapsulated extracts.…”

“…Numerous studies used Arabic gum as a coating agent, both alone or combined with other coating agents. Water extract of C. ternatea flower was microencapsulated with various Arabic gum concentrations, namely 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%, and dried with an ultrasonic spray dryer [79]. Microcapsules of C. ternatea flowers extract produced with 6% Arabic gum was indicated to be the most effective in maintaining the antioxidant activity and the microbial activity was shown to be active.…”

“…Microcapsules of C. ternatea flowers extract produced with 6% Arabic gum was indicated to be the most effective in maintaining the antioxidant activity and the microbial activity was shown to be active. Moreover, microcapsules with 6% Arabic gum were found to have very good homogenous morphology, such as spherical shaped smooth surface particles, slightly varied size distribution, and being visibly free of cracks and hollows [79]. Another study by Hamzah et al [14] conducted a comparison between maltodextrin, Arabic gum, and a combination of both to microencapsulate C. ternatea with two different drying methods, namely freeze drying and vacuum drying.…”

“…Zainol et al [79] spray dried C. ternatea flower water extract with some levels of Arabic gum concentration (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10%) and examined the antioxidant activity with two different methods, namely, DPPH and TBA. The results demonstrated that microcapsules with 8% of Arabic gum indicated the best radical scavenging activity due to the most appropriate condition or non-clotting state of the microcapsules powder, which were capable of performing the antioxidant activity completely.…”