Random parasite encounters coupled with condition-linked immunity of hosts generate parasite aggregation

Metazoan Parasites of <i>Geophagus proximus</i>, a Cichlidae Fish from the Eastern Amazon (Brazil)

“…Aggregate distribution is a common pattern in freshwater fish parasites [19] and has been observed in other species of freshwater fish in Brazil Monogeneans S. kritskyi, S. paranaensis and S. geophagi predominated in the G. proximus of the present study, indicating a greater contact with the infecting forms (oncomiracidium) of these monoxide parasites, which explained this predominance. In contrast, there was a low richness of endoparasite larvae such as R. (S.) lanfrediae and non-identified digenea, indicating that the diet of G. proximus diversified little in the environment studied, and was limited to a few items such as crustaceans and mollusks.…”

Association between host's genetic diversity and parasite burden in damselflies

“…Positive association between f AFLP and parasite abundance suggests that heterozygosity is linked with an individual's condition and consequently with individual's susceptibility to parasitism (e.g. Morrill & Forbes, ). The positive relationship between homozygosity and parasite abundance is consistent with heterozygosity‐fitness correlation hypothesis (e.g.…”

“…Kaunisto & Suhonen, 2013). On the other hand, some of the observed pattern is likely to originate from variation in hosts' conditions (Morrill & Forbes, 2012). Condition varies substantially between individuals, and it has been shown to be tightly linked with fat reserves, parasite burden and immunity (reviewed in Cordoba-Aguilar & Cordero-Rivera, 2005;Suhonen J.…”

A mechanistic model to assess risks to honeybee colonies from exposure to pesticides under different scenarios of combined stressors and factors

“…Furthermore, there may also be variation in infection rates due to variation in host susceptibility. For instance, when the host's immune response is related to normally-distributed host body condition, you can theoretically get aggregation of parasites among hosts (Morrill and Forbes, 2012).…”