Range Management Viewed in the Ecosystem Framework

Lewis, James K.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-713450-5.50014-2

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 199 publications

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“…A number of changes in the physical and chemical properties of soil, and in the vegetation which it supports were induced by changes in grazing intensity, and these were very similar to those described by Lewis (1969). Both water infiltration time and soil moisture content were affected by stocking intensity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Stocking intensity and pastoral production: I. Changes in the soil and vegetation of a sown pasture grazed by sheep at different stocking rates

Langlands

Bennett

1973

J. Agric. Sci.

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A Phalaris tuberosa and Trifolium repens pasture was grazed continuously at stocking rates varying from 2-5 to 37-1 sheep per h a between 1964 and 1969. During this period herbage availability and composition, basal cover, root weight, water infiltration, soil moisture content, bulk density and chemical composition of the soil were measured at intervals.As stocking rate was increased, herbage availability, root weight, basal cover, soil pore space and the rate of water infiltration declined, and bulk density and the nitrogen and calcium contents of the herbage on offer increased. I n periods of below-average rainfall, soil moisture and nitrate levels were greater when herbage was of low availability.Herbage production was calculated from estimates of herbage consumption and of litter decomposition, and averaged 8-45 t dry matter/ha/year; it was insensitive to changes in stocking rate over the range from 2 to 22 sheep/ha. The ratio, herbage consumption/pasture production increased by 0'045 per unit increase in stocking rate.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 63%

Stocking intensity and pastoral production: I. Changes in the soil and vegetation of a sown pasture grazed by sheep at different stocking rates

Langlands

Bennett

1973

J. Agric. Sci.

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“…Canada's ongoing land classification program views the ecosystem as productivity units with the natural landscape as the base for describing these units (Hills, 1961). Lewis (1969), in discussing range as an ecosystem, also cites the need for site classification to control ecosystem development and functioning. A frequently noted difficulty in studying ecosystems is the lack of discrete boundaries between adjacent ecosystems and the subunits within.…”

Section: The Ecosystem Conceptmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In other words, it permits managing from knowledgenot ignorance, i.e., with man in harmonious symbiosis with nature. Basic to any such classification is the selection of "state" factors (those essential to, and which control, all biological-physical interactions within a system) (Lewis, 1969) that control all other interacting factors. Moreover, we must remember that landscapes are the products of past conditions which may be very different from the present and be prepared to accept, and adjust to, future changes in processes that may be catastrophic in nature.…”

Section: A Scheme For a Universal Watershed Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

WATERSHEDS AS THE BASIC ECOSYSTEM: THIS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK PROVIDES A BASIS FOR A NATURAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM¹

Lotspeich

1980

J American Water Resour Assoc

112

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A scheme is outlined to classify watersheds as ecosystems, based on their natural attributes. Two physical factors of the environment, climate and geology, are selected as state factors. Climate is the master factor that supplies energy and water to all ecosystems; geologic structure supplies the materal from which the forces of climate carve landforms to establish ecosystems. At the next lower level, soil and vegetation interact in a succession of transactions to produce a mosaic of tesseras within each watershed. It is these interacting tesseras that moderate climate and store energy within the ecosystem that influences the embedded stream. At the bottom of the scale is the stream with its passive role and inability to interact with the higher factors of the ecosystem. Thus, we have a controlling force consisting of two elements (climate and geology), a reacting force (soil and vegetation) that responds by circular conditioning to controlling forces, and at the lowest level, the stream which responds to all factors of the living system within its watershed.(KEY TERMS: watersheds; ecosystem; classification; physioclimatic control; transactional factors.)

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“…However, to understand changes in community structure and function, it was impor tant to consider species and individu als as well as biomass. To date, one component overlooked in the systems approach to manage ment of U.S. rangelands and in the ecosystem concept of natural resource management (e.g., Lewis 1969, Van Dyne 1966, has been the role of dunginhabiting insects. In Australia, soil nutrients and acres of productive pas ture are lost each year because of dried-out, nonrecycled cattle drop pings (Bornemissza 1960, Waterhouse 1974.…”

Section: Pat Degradationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effects of different pasture and rangeland ecosystems on the annual dynamics of insects in cattle droppings

Merritt¹,

Anderson²

1977

Hilg

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A 2-yr study (1971-73) in the Sierra Nevada foothills of California consisted of: 1) a quantitative analysis of the differences in diversity and abundance of the insect fauna colonizing and inhabiting diurnally and nocturnally excreted cattle droppings in four different pasture and rangeland ecosystems (natural woodland range, partially cleared woodland range, totally cleared woodland range, cultivated irrigated pasture); and 2) a study of the relationship between the diversity and abundance of insect inhabitants per cowpat and the rate of pat degradation. The fauna consisted of three orders of insects containing 26 families and 102 species. There were 35 to 40 different kinds of Coleoptera, 50 of Diptera, and 12 of Hymenoptera, recorded from samples. Differences per pat in the mean number of species, number of individuals, and insect biomass among pastures, months, and years for the major taxa were analyzed and discussed. The pasture ecosystem and the season were most important in determining the diversity and abundance of insects colonizing droppings. Major differences among pastures in the number of individuals and species per pat were mainly due to a combination of interacting locoand microclimatological factors associated with the environment of the different pastures. Most species of dung insects did not colonize pats dropped during the night. The most important insect species influencing biomass per pat was the scarab, Aphodius fimetarius (L.). The importance of considering species, individuals, and biomass in attempting to understand changes in community structure and function was demonstrated.

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Range Management Viewed in the Ecosystem Framework

Cited by 19 publications

References 199 publications

Stocking intensity and pastoral production: I. Changes in the soil and vegetation of a sown pasture grazed by sheep at different stocking rates

Stocking intensity and pastoral production: I. Changes in the soil and vegetation of a sown pasture grazed by sheep at different stocking rates

WATERSHEDS AS THE BASIC ECOSYSTEM: THIS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK PROVIDES A BASIS FOR A NATURAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM¹

The effects of different pasture and rangeland ecosystems on the annual dynamics of insects in cattle droppings

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Range Management Viewed in the Ecosystem Framework

Cited by 19 publications

References 199 publications

Stocking intensity and pastoral production: I. Changes in the soil and vegetation of a sown pasture grazed by sheep at different stocking rates

Stocking intensity and pastoral production: I. Changes in the soil and vegetation of a sown pasture grazed by sheep at different stocking rates

WATERSHEDS AS THE BASIC ECOSYSTEM: THIS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK PROVIDES A BASIS FOR A NATURAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM1

The effects of different pasture and rangeland ecosystems on the annual dynamics of insects in cattle droppings

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About

WATERSHEDS AS THE BASIC ECOSYSTEM: THIS CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK PROVIDES A BASIS FOR A NATURAL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM¹