Rapid and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 3-methylindole (skatole) in faeces of various species

Dehnhard, Martin; Barragán, Hugo Bernal; Claus, R.

doi:10.1016/0378-4347(91)80114-r

Cited by 45 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Indols and thiols have also been found to be major compounds of primate faecal odours (Dehnhard et al, 1991;Moore et al, 1987) and breath odour (Ochiai et al, 2001;Phillips et al, 1999). In both human subjects and non-human mammals, oral breath odour has been demonstrated to be indicative of health status (Eubanks, 2006;Kostelc et al, 1981;Sanz et al, 2001), and in humans the concentrations of volatile sulphur compounds of mouth air have been shown to vary as a function of the menstrual cycle in females (Tonzetich et al, 1978).…”

Section: The Journal Of Experimental Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory sensitivity for putrefaction-associated thiols and indols in three species of non-human primate

Laska

Bautista

Höfelmann

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARY Using a conditioning paradigm, the olfactory sensitivity of four spider monkeys, three squirrel monkeys and three pigtail macaques to four thiols and two indols, substances characteristic of putrefaction processes and faecal odours, was assessed. With all odorants, the animals significantly discriminated concentrations below 1 p.p.m. (part per million) from the odourless solvent, and in several cases individual animals even demonstrated thresholds below 1 p.p.t. (part per trillion). The detection thresholds of 0.03 p.p.t. for indol in Saimiri sciureus and Macaca nemestrina and 0.96 p.p.t. for ethanethiol in Ateles geoffroyirepresent the lowest values among the more than 50 odorants tested so far with these species and are in the same order of magnitude as the lowest detection thresholds reported so far in the rat and the mouse. The results showed (a)all three species of non-human primate to have a highly developed olfactory sensitivity for putrefaction-associated odorants, and (b) a significant correlation between perceptibility in terms of olfactory detection threshold and carbon chain length of the thiols, and a marked effect of the presence vs absence of a methyl group on perceptibility of the indols tested in two of the three species. The results support the hypotheses that (a)between-species differences in neuroanatomical or genetic features may not be indicative of olfactory sensitivity, and (b) within-species differences in olfactory sensitivity may reflect differences in the behavioural relevance of odorants.

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Section: The Journal Of Experimental Biologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Olfactory sensitivity for putrefaction-associated thiols and indols in three species of non-human primate

Laska

Bautista

Höfelmann

et al. 2007

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…3-Methylindole (skatole, 3MI), a tryptophan metabolite produced in the mammalian digestive tract, 9,44 was demonstrated in 1967 to cause acute pulmonary edema and emphysema in cattle that are switched abruptly from sparse to lush pasture. 10 Experimentally, 3MI causes pulmonary edema in goats, 5,8 sheep, 4 rats, 22,43 and some strains of mice.…”

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confidence: 99%

3-Methylindole Induces Transient Olfactory Mucosal Injury in Ponies

et al. 2003

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Abstract. Response to 3-methylindole (3MI) varies among species. Mice recover from 3MI-induced bronchiolar epithelial injury but sustain persistent olfactory mucosal injury with scarring and epithelial metaplasia. In contrast, 3MI induces obliterative bronchiolitis in horses and ponies, but olfactory mucosal injury has not been reported. To evaluate the effect of 3MI on equine olfactory mucosa, ponies were dosed orally with 100 mg 3MI/kg (n ϭ 9) or corn oil vehicle (n ϭ 6). All ponies treated with 3MI developed obliterative bronchiolitis with mild olfactory injury. By 3 days after 3MI dosing, olfactory epithelium appeared disorganized with decreased and uneven surface height and scalloping of the basement membrane zone. Epithelial cells of Bowman's glands were hypertrophic. Proliferation of olfactory epithelium and Bowman's glands was supported by an increased mitotic index and positive immunohistochemical staining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen as compared with controls. The activity of 11␤-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, an olfactory mucosal cytosolic enzyme localized to sustentacular and Bowman's glandular epithelial cells, was concurrently decreased. By 9 days postdosing, olfactory mucosal lesions had lessened. Results indicate that 3MI transiently injures equine olfactory mucosa without the extensive necrosis, scarring, or metaplasia seen in murine olfactory mucosa or in equine bronchiolar epithelium.

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“…Radioimmunoassay was used for measurements of E 1 S in plasma samples (Schwarzenberger et al, 1993). Plasma skatole levels were measured by HPLC using the method described by Claus et al (1993) and Dehnhard et al (1991).…”

Section: Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of non-nutritive sorbent materials as intestinal-binding agents for the control of boar taint

Jen

Squires

2011

Animal

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In many countries, male pigs are castrated to prevent boar taint, but this practice raises concerns about animal welfare and reduces the production efficiency of pork. The objective of this study was to develop dietary manipulations to prevent boar taint. We evaluated the effectiveness of adding activated carbon (AC) or Tween-60 (Tween; polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate) to pig finishing diets to reduce levels of androstenone (AND) and skatole in plasma and fat of entire male pigs. Boars (159 6 2 days of age at the start of the experiment) were fed diets supplemented with either 5% AC or 5% Tween for 28 days followed by either 14 or 28 days of recovery. Plasma samples were collected at experimental days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42 and 56, and backfat biopsies were taken at experimental days 0, 28, 42 and 56. Feeding AC significantly (P , 0.05) reduced the levels of AND in plasma by day 28 compared to day 0 and by day 42 in fat compared to day 0. AC treatment also decreased levels of oestrone sulphate (E 1 S) in plasma by day 7 compared to day 0. Treatment with Tween significantly decreased (P , 0.05) the levels of plasma AND by day 28 from levels at day 0. Tween treatment did not significantly affect levels of fat AND or plasma E 1 S compared to day 0; however, fat AND levels decreased between days 28 and 42 following treatment with Tween (P , 0.05). Levels of plasma E 1 S, plasma AND and fat AND for control boars remained constant throughout the experiment. Skatole plasma concentrations were very low and did not vary significantly (P . 0.05) from day 0 for any treatment, but fat skatole levels decreased by day 42 in the Tween treatment group. Importantly, there was no difference in growth rate between the control and experimental groups. We conclude that adding AC or Tween to finishing diets for boars can reduce the levels of plasma and fat AND, but further work is needed to confirm the effects of these treatments on reducing fat skatole levels.

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Rapid and accurate high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of 3-methylindole (skatole) in faeces of various species

Cited by 45 publications

References 14 publications

Olfactory sensitivity for putrefaction-associated thiols and indols in three species of non-human primate

Olfactory sensitivity for putrefaction-associated thiols and indols in three species of non-human primate

3-Methylindole Induces Transient Olfactory Mucosal Injury in Ponies

Efficacy of non-nutritive sorbent materials as intestinal-binding agents for the control of boar taint

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