Rapid and sensitive analysis of azadirachtin and related triterpenoids from Neem (Azadirachta indica) by high-performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Schaaf, Otmar; Jarvis, Andrew P.; Esch, S; Giagnacovo, Germina; Oldham, Neil J.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(00)00492-1

Cited by 86 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…2) is a C-seco limonoid, which was isolated by Morgan in 1968 as an insect antifeedant from the seeds of the Indian Neem tree, is a popular natural bio-pesticide. 1,21) Neem protects itself from huge number of pests with a multitude of pesticidal ingredients and so far at least nine neem limonoids have demonstrated an ability to block insect growth affecting a range of species that includes some of the most deadly pests of agriculture and human health; new limonoids are still being discovered in neem but azadirachtin, salannin, meliantriol and nimbin are the best known and most significant. 22) Most research that has been done on neem plant has focused intensely on azadirachtin because it is the principal active ingredient of a unique insecticide, which is thought to be the most useful and most fascinating byproduct of the neem tree.…”

Section: Activities On Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Tests have shown azadirachtin to be effective on at least 200 different insect species. 3,23,24) Azadirachtin and related limonoids from neem tree have shown strong antifeedant and growth regulating activity and at the same time these compounds are highly bio-degradable, are very slightly toxic towards non-target organisms, while they are non-toxic towards humans and mammals in general, with very low persistence in systemic action, 21,25) this is the reason why an array of insecticides and pesticides comprising of azadirachtin as principal constituent and based on neem extract are available today in the market. Koul et al 26,27) have further shown that azadirachtin being the most active compound in neem is not synergized or influenced by any other limonoid, but other non-azadirachtin limonoids show synergism in specific combination, which may be due to their different modes of action.…”

Section: Activities On Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Limonoids: Overview of Significant Bioactive Triterpenes Distributed in Plants Kingdom

Roy¹,

Saraf

2006

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

493

276

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The search for limonoids started long back when scientists started looking for the factor responsible for bitterness in citrus which has negative impact on citrus fruit and juice industry worldwide. The term limonoids was derived from limonin, the first tetranortriterpenoid obtained from citrus bitter principles. Compounds belonging to this group have exhibited a range of biological activities like insecticidal, insect antifeedant and growth regulating activity on insects as well as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, anticancer, antiviral and a number of other pharmacological activities on humans. Although hundreds of limonoids have been isolated from various plants but, their occurrence in the plant kingdom is confined to only plant families of order Rutales and that too more abundantly in Meliaceae and Rutaceae, and less frequently in Cneoraceae and Harrisonia sp. of Simaroubaceae. Limonoids are highly oxygenated, modified terpenoids with a prototypical structure either containing or derived from a precursor with a 4,4,8-trimethyl-17-furanylsteroid skeleton. All naturally occurring citrus limonoids contain a furan ring attached to the D-ring, at C-17, as well as oxygen containing functional groups at C-3, C-4, C-7, C-16 and C-17. The structural variations of limonoids found in Rutaceae are less than in Meliaceae and are generally limited to the modification of A and B rings, the limonoids of Meliaceae are more complex with very high degree of oxidation and rearrangement exhibited in the parent limonoid structure. To counter the problem of bitterness in citrus juice and products genetic engineering of citrus to maximize the formation of limonoid glucosides for reducing limonoid bitterness is the focus of recent and future research. Regarding the biological activities of limonoids the investigations are to be directed towards detailed characterization, quantification, and designing a simple as well as versatile synthetic route of apparently important limonoids. Extraction methods too should be optimized; evaluation and establishment of pharmaco-dynamic and kinetic principles, and structure activity relationships should be a key goal associated with limonoids so that they can be safely introduced in our arsenal of pharmaceuticals to safeguard the humanity from the wrath of disease and its discomfort.

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Section: Activities On Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Activities On Insectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limonoids: Overview of Significant Bioactive Triterpenes Distributed in Plants Kingdom

Roy¹,

Saraf

2006

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

493

276

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“…These compounds are highly biodegradable and possess only weak toxicity to non-target organisms, while being nontoxic to humans and mammals in general and having low persistence of systemic action 19 . The leaves of Azadirachta indica have also been shown to possess insecticidal activity in a large number of insect species.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Leaf extracts of Melia azedarach Linnaeus (Sapindales: Meliaceae) act as larvicide against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae)

Prophiro

Rossi

Pedroso

et al. 2008

Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop.

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The objective of this study was to compare the larvicidal effect of hydroethanolic extracts of fresh and dry leaves of Melia azedarach Linnaeus (Sapindales: Meliaceae) on Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae). All the extracts evaluated induced mortality among the third and fourth instar larvae of Aedes aegypti after 24 and 48 hours of exposure to the products. Although previous studies had demonstrated the action of seeds and fruits of Melia azedarach against the larvae of different Aedes aegypti populations, the present report is the first to show the larvicidal effect of the fresh and dry leaves of this plant. Key

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“…The oil from its seeds is used as fungicide and insecticide (Girish and Shankara Bhat 2008), and its medical use has been recently recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO 2007). Its principal active component is Azadichtin (Figure 1) (Schaaf et al 2000). Azadichtin has low toxicity against non-target organisms and low persistence in the environment (Schaaf et al 2000), both of which are desirable characteristics for a biocide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Its principal active component is Azadichtin (Figure 1) (Schaaf et al 2000). Azadichtin has low toxicity against non-target organisms and low persistence in the environment (Schaaf et al 2000), both of which are desirable characteristics for a biocide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity of neem's oil, a potential biocide against the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857)

Pereyra

Rossini

Darrigran³

2012

An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc.

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The golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857) is one of the most distributed Nuisance Invasive Species (NIS) in South America, and a threat of great concern for the industry of the area. In this study, we carried out toxicity tests made with a Neem's oil solution with L. fortunei larvae and benthonic adults (7, 13 and 19 ± 1 mm). Tests with non-target species (Daphnia magna, Lactuca sativa and Cnesterodon decemmculatus) were also made with the aim to evaluate the potential toxicity of the Neem's solution in the environment. The LC 100 of Neem's solution obtained for larvae was 500 µl/L, a value much higher than the one obtained for D. magna and C. decemmaculatus. Thus, we recommend that it should not be used in open waters. However, since the adults were killed in 72 h and the larvae in 24 h, this product can be used in closed systems, in man-made facilities.

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Rapid and sensitive analysis of azadirachtin and related triterpenoids from Neem (Azadirachta indica) by high-performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry

Cited by 86 publications

References 23 publications

Limonoids: Overview of Significant Bioactive Triterpenes Distributed in Plants Kingdom

Limonoids: Overview of Significant Bioactive Triterpenes Distributed in Plants Kingdom

Leaf extracts of Melia azedarach Linnaeus (Sapindales: Meliaceae) act as larvicide against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae)

Toxicity of neem's oil, a potential biocide against the invasive mussel Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker 1857)

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