Rapid and sensitive detection of mycotoxins by advanced and emerging analytical methods: A review

Abstract

Quantification of mycotoxins in foodstuffs is extremely difficult as a limited amount of toxins are known to be presented in the food samples. Mycotoxins are secondary toxic metabolites, made primarily by fungal species, contaminating feeds and foods. Due to the presence in globally used grains, it is an unpreventable problem that causes various acute and chronic impacts on human and animal health. Over the previous few years, however, progress has been made in mycotoxin analysis studies. Easier techniques of sample cleanup and advanced chromatographic approaches have been developed, primarily high-performance liquid chromatography. Few extremely sophisticated and adaptable tools such as high-resolution mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-tandem MS/MS have become more important. In addition, Immunoassay, Advanced quantitative techniques are now globally accepted for mycotoxin analysis. Thus, this review summarizes these traditional and highly advance methods and their characteristics for evaluating mycotoxins. K E Y W O R D Sadvanced quantitative techniques, chromatography, immunological, mycotoxins, spectroscopy 2184 | SINGH aNd MEHTa ultraviolet, fluorescence, photomultiplier, ion mobility, and tandem mass spectrophotometry, fourier transforms near infrared, adsorptive stripping voltammetry, and their lower detection limits, and sensitivity of different types of matrice has been reviewed. For the determination of mycotoxins, traditional quantitative methods viz. chromatography, immunological, and the advanced methods viz. ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography, fluorescence polarization immunoassay, nanoparticle-based methods, microfluidics, and phage display methods have been discussed extensively in this review.

Pre-Concentration and Analysis of Mycotoxins in Food Samples by Capillary Electrophoresis

“…Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) and, mainly, HPLC-UV or HPLC-MS represent the most applied and sensitive analytical techniques to detect and quantify different mycotoxins and their metabolites in different samples, such as, for example, cereals, beer, and dairy products [ 7 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ]. A sample pre-concentration step by using mainly solid phase extraction (SPE) [ 14 , 18 , 23 , 24 ] and immunoaffinity columns (IACs) [ 14 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 26 , 27 ] is always fundamental, even if such sensitive analytical techniques are generally used to detect trace levels.…”

Advances in Colorimetric Strategies for Mycotoxins Detection: Toward Rapid Industrial Monitoring

“…Traditional ELISA uses antibody as recognition element and HRP-catalyzed TMB to generate color as a signal reporter. Although ELISA has been recognized as an excellent and accurate method for mycotoxin analysis, but the procedure is somewhat time-consuming (incubation time of approximately 1–2 h), uneconomical, unsuitable for field testing due to the need for specialist plate readers, and unreliable due to the similarity of the structure of mycotoxins, which causes false positive results [ 57 ]. Therefore, many efforts have been made to improve the shortcomings mentioned.…”

Trichothecenes in Food and Feed, Relevance to Human and Animal Health and Methods of Detection: A Systematic Review

“…Population in developing countries especially rural areas are dependent on locally produced foods and generally face problems related to food security and mycotoxin contamination which is reflected to be a major food quality issue [ 1 , 2 ]. Chemical contaminants in food and feed are a potential hazard concerning public health.…”

“…This group of mycotoxins is slightly soluble in water, but highly soluble in acetone, ethyl acetate, chloroform, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethanol, methanol, and propylene glycol. Purified trichothecenes generally have a low vapor pressure, but they do vaporize when heated in organic solvents [ 2 , 35 ].…”