“…Ambient MS in which analytes are ionized at ambient pressure is often employed ( Xin et al, 2014 ; Massaro et al, 2021 ; Pereira et al, 2021 ), although inductively coupled plasma (ICP) MS for multi-element fingerprinting ( Zhao et al, 2017 ) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS ( Lai et al, 2012 ) have also been reported. Ambient ionization techniques applicable to herbal materials and products include desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) ( Talaty et al, 2005 ; Freitas et al, 2019 ), ESI on solid substrates ( Deng and Yang, 2013 ; Hu et al, 2014 ; Wang H. et al, 2014 ; Xin et al, 2014 ; Jun et al, 2016 ), tissue ESI and related techniques ( Chan et al, 2011 ; Liu et al, 2011 ; Hu et al, 2013 ), extractive ESI ( Lee et al, 2021 ; Zhang et al, 2022 ), direct analysis in real-time (DART) ( Kumar et al, 2015 ; Wang et al, 2021a ), and desorption atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (DAPCI) ( Pi et al, 2011 ).…”