“…When applied at low concentrations, REEs trigger hormetic effects in various organisms, , thereby justifying their use in agriculture as fertilizers. , However, the beneficial effects of low-dose application of cerium to crops is challenged in a recent meta-analysis, questioning the aim to increase yield at the expense of the ecosystem quality. Nevertheless, their noxiousness at high concentrations is now well established. ,,, The biological effects of REEs are now considered a major emerging environmental issue, as these elements are taken up by living organisms in contaminated ecosystems and induce toxic effects, with a higher toxicity for HREEs over LREEs. ,,− …”