“…Various organic and inorganic materials were proposed as the luminescent phase like quantum dots (QDs), ,− inorganic nanophosphors based on lanthanide(III) ions (Ln 3+ ), organic dyes, and d- or f-block metal complexes. − Each of these luminophores show different structural, physicochemical, and luminescent properties, which strongly affect the properties of the final multifunctional material, mainly its particles size, biocompatibility or overall strength, and stability of the luminescence. Because of the unique luminescence properties of luminophores based on Ln 3+ ions, for example, narrow emission bands, relatively long luminescence lifetimes, multicolor emission, and large energy gaps between excitation and emission bands, which result from 4f–4f electron transitions, luminescent–magnetic nanomaterials utilizing the luminescent properties of lanthanide ions are of particular interest to scientists as good materials for bioapplications. − These luminescent features can be further altered by external factors, such as high pressure, , temperature, , and plasmonic effects, making them useful in bioimaging and sensing (e.g., pressure, temperature). In addition, inorganic lanthanide-based phosphors show lower cytotoxicity compared to heavy metal-based QDs and much higher photophysical stability than organic dyes, QDs, or gold nanoclusters, making them a promising replacement for these materials.…”