Rare thoracic cancers: a comprehensive overview of diagnosis and management of small cell lung cancer, malignant pleural mesothelioma and thymic epithelial tumours

Abstract

Despite the progress in outcomes seen with immunotherapy in various malignancies, including nonsmall cell lung cancer, the benefits are less in small cell lung cancer, malignant pleural mesothelioma and thymic epithelial tumours. New effective treatment options are needed, guidedviamore in-depth insights into the pathophysiology of these rare malignancies. This review comprehensively presents an overview of the clinical presentation, diagnostic tools, staging systems, pathophysiology and treatment options for these rare thoracic cancers. In addition, opportunities for further improvement of therapies are discussed.

Pleural small cell lung cancer masquerading as malignant mesothelioma: A case report

“…SCLC of the lung is a highly aggressive cancer which represents about 15% of all lung cancers [2] . They are mostly centrally located and rarely involve the pleura.…”

“…A type of neuroendocrine lung neoplasm, SCLC is often associated with smoking and asbestos exposure. It has a higher predilection in males compared to females [2] . Patients often present with small intrapulmonary lesions and bulky mediastinal lymphadenopathy.…”

“…This could be explained by hematogenous spread of tumor cells from pulmonary and/or bronchial arteries to the visceral pleura and then along the pleural space [3] . Distant metastases are frequently seen in the bone, liver, brain and adrenal glands [2] .…”

Malignant mesothelioma tumours: molecular pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapies accompanying clinical studies

“…These incorporate CAR-T cells and an anti-mesothelin antibody with or without a pharmacological combination. The final has been investigated in a phase 1 experiment in conjunction with pembrolizumab, attaining a disease control rate (DCR) of approximately 60% ( 149 , 150 ).…”

The flare of care for rare: per aspera ad astra for rare lung diseases!

“…Unfortunately, the prognosis for rarer thoracic tumours, such as malignant pleural mesothelioma and thymic epithelial tumours, remains poor for most patients. D umoulin et al [ 14 ] guide us through the current treatment options and new developments for these rare thoracic cancers.…”