Recent Advancement in Biofluid-Based Glucose Sensors Using Invasive, Minimally Invasive, and Non-Invasive Technologies: A Review

Abstract

Biosensors have potentially revolutionized the biomedical field. Their portability, cost-effectiveness, and ease of operation have made the market for these biosensors to grow rapidly. Diabetes mellitus is the condition of having high glucose content in the body, and it has become one of the very common conditions that is leading to deaths worldwide. Although it still has no cure or prevention, if monitored and treated with appropriate medication, the complications can be hindered and mitigated. Glucose content in the body can be detected using various biological fluids, namely blood, sweat, urine, interstitial fluids, tears, breath, and saliva. In the past decade, there has been an influx of potential biosensor technologies for continuous glucose level estimation. This literature review provides a comprehensive update on the recent advances in the field of biofluid-based sensors for glucose level detection in terms of methods, methodology and materials used.

Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Preterm Infants: The Role of Nutritional Management in Minimizing Glycemic Variability

“…Various methods (such as electrochemical, optical, spectroscopic, and microneedle transdermal techniques) use minimally invasive sources [ 40 ]. Despite the development of electrochemical glucose sensors, optical spectroscopic and microneedle transdermal glucose sensing technologies are emerging as promising future alternatives for CGM [ 40 ]. Seven optical technologies available for CGM have recently been reviewed [ 41 ].…”

Emerging Materials, Wearables, and Diagnostic Advancements in Therapeutic Treatment of Brain Diseases

“…In terms of quantifying postural instability, the Pull Test is the most used clinical procedure [ 327 ]. For continual assessment of motor abnormalities in essential tremor and Parkinson’s disease, applications of wearable sensors or body-fixed sensors, particularly kinematic sensors, for long-term monitoring are being employed [ 329 , 330 , 331 ]. Wearable sensors and the IoT, two rapidly developing technical fields, appear to offer a sophisticated and ingenious method of providing pervasive healthcare services to the senior population, elevating healthcare facilities to a superior level of omnipresence [ 323 , 324 , 327 ].…”

Advances in the Design of Phenylboronic Acid-Based Glucose-Sensitive Hydrogels

“…Thereby, some non-invasive techniques of glucose measurement (continuously or intermittent) by using different fluids from the body (i.e., tears, sweat, saliva, urine, interstitial fluid, blood) have been developed [ 9 , 10 , 11 ]. The hydrogels integration in various devices has been considered due to their ability to retain water (also allowing the diffusion of different compounds), and possibility to design their structure so that they respond to different external stimuli: temperature, pH, enzymes, glucose, electric and magnetic field [ 12 , 13 ].…”