Recent advancements and future trends in environmental analysis: Sample preparation, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

Pérez‐Fernández, Virginia; Rocca, Lucia Mainero; Tomai, Pierpaolo; Fanali, Salvatore; Gentili, Alessandra

doi:10.1016/j.aca.2017.06.029

Cited by 128 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 220 publications

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“…The good SPE performance including polar analytes is attributed to the combination of diverse sorbent materials that were pre-selected and highly tuned for the simultaneous extraction of polar and nonpolar analytes. However, SPE based on a single sorbent material is by far the most widely used approach for the concentration of water samples prior to LC-MS [ 6 ]. As part of the in-house mixed-bed multilayer SPE method development [ 13 ], different sorbent materials, i.e., Oasis HLB, Strata X-AW/-CW, Isolute ENV+, and ENVI-carb™ were evaluated individually for analyte recoveries over SPE.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Monitoring and regulation gaps are both linked to underlying analytical issues, i.e., polar OCs have the potential to go unnoticed as they are hardly amenable to state-of-the art liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS) workflows currently and widely used for multiresidue trace organic analysis. These workflows often rely on pre-concentration by offline solid-phase extraction (SPE) with a single conventional sorbent material (e.g., C8, C18, mixed-mode) and LC on a reversed-phase (RP) stationary phase column [ 6 – 8 ]. While this combination is applicable to a wide range of moderately polar to nonpolar OCs, its suitability for highly polar OCs is limited [ 5 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vacuum-assisted evaporative concentration combined with LC-HRMS/MS for ultra-trace-level screening of organic micropollutants in environmental water samples

et al. 2019

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Vacuum-assisted evaporative concentration (VEC) was successfully applied and validated for the enrichment of 590 organic substances from river water and wastewater. Different volumes of water samples (6 mL wastewater influent, 15 mL wastewater effluent, and 60 mL river water) were evaporated to 0.3 mL and finally adjusted to 0.4 mL. 0.1 mL of the concentrate were injected into a polar reversed-phase C18 liquid chromatography column coupled with electrospray ionization to high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. Analyte recoveries were determined for VEC and compared against a mixed-bed multilayer solid-phase extraction (SPE). Both approaches performed equally well (≥ 70% recovery) for a vast number of analytes ( n = 327), whereas certain substances were especially amenable to enrichment by either SPE (e.g., 4-chlorobenzophenone, log D ow,pH7 4) or VEC (e.g., TRIS, log D ow,pH7 − 4.6). Overall, VEC was more suitable for the enrichment of polar analytes, albeit considerable signal suppression (up to 74% in river water) was observed for the VEC-enriched sample matrix. Nevertheless, VEC allowed for accurate and precise quantification down to the sub-nanogram per liter level and required no more than 60 mL of the sample, as demonstrated by its application to several environmental water matrices. By contrast, SPE is typically constrained by high sample volumes ranging from 100 mL (wastewater influent) to 1000 mL (river water). The developed VEC workflow not only requires low labor cost and minimum supervision but is also a rapid, convenient, and environmentally safe alternative to SPE and highly suitable for target and non-target analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00216-019-01696-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vacuum-assisted evaporative concentration combined with LC-HRMS/MS for ultra-trace-level screening of organic micropollutants in environmental water samples

et al. 2019

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“…Usually, solid-phase extraction (SPE) is used for sample preparation in a non-target analysis. 23 In SPE the sample is introduced into a solid phase, which is expected to retain the "desired compounds" and not to retain the so called "matrix compounds". Later, the desired compounds are eluted from the solid phase with a suitable solvent and analyzed.…”

Section: Identification Of the Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semi‐quantitative non‐target analysis of water with liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry: How far are we?

Kruve

2018

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Combining high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with liquid chromatography (LC) has considerably increased the capability of analytical chemistry. Among others, it has stimulated the growth of the non-target analysis, which aims at identifying compounds without their preceding selection. This approach is already widely applied in various fields, such as metabolomics, proteomics, etc. The applicability of LC/HRMS-based non-target analysis in environmental analyses, such as water studies, would be beneficial for understanding the environmental fate of polar pollutants and evaluating the health risks exposed by the new emerging contaminants. During the last five to seven years the use of LC/HRMS-based non-target analysis has grown rapidly. However, routine non-target analysis is still uncommon for most environmental monitoring agencies and environmental scientists. The main reasons are the complicated data processing and the inability to provide quantitative information about identified compounds. The latter shortcoming follows from the lack of standard substances, considered so far as the soul of each quantitative analysis for the newly discovered pollutants. To overcome this, non-target analyses could be combined with semi-quantitation. This Perspective aims at describing the current methods for non-target analysis, the possibilities and challenges of standard substance-free semi-quantitative analysis, and proposes tools to join these two fields together.

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“…Moreover, LC‐MS instrumentation is rapidly approaching GC‐MS in robustness and ease of use and for these reasons, LC‐MS is one of the fastest growing analytical techniques in forensic drug analysis. RPLC‐MS has been applied to a wide range of illicit drugs . Currently, most forensic drug and forensic toxicology analyses are performed under LC‐ESI‐MS.…”

Section: Applications Of Liquid Separation Ms To the Analysis Of Illimentioning

confidence: 99%

Applications of liquid‐based separation in conjunction with mass spectrometry to the analysis of forensic evidence

Moini

2018

Electrophoresis

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In the past few years, there has been a significant effort by the forensic science community to develop new scientific techniques for the analysis of forensic evidence. Forensic chemists have been spearheaded to develop information-rich confirmatory technologies and techniques and apply them to a broad array of forensic challenges. The purpose of these confirmatory techniques is to provide alternatives to presumptive techniques that rely on data such as color changes, pattern matching, or retention time alone, which are prone to more false positives. To this end, the application of separation techniques in conjunction with mass spectrometry has played an important role in the analysis of forensic evidence. Moreover, in the past few years the role of liquid separation techniques, such as liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis in conjunction with mass spectrometry, has gained significant tractions and have been applied to a wide range of chemicals, from small molecules such as drugs and explosives, to large molecules such as proteins. For example, proteomics and peptidomics have been used for identification of humans, organs, and bodily fluids. A wide range of HPLC techniques including reversed phase, hydrophilic interaction, mixed-mode, supercritical fluid, multidimensional chromatography, and nanoLC, as well as several modes of capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry, including capillary zone electrophoresis, partial filling, full filling, and micellar electrokenetic chromatography have been applied to the analysis drugs, explosives, and questioned documents. In this article, we review recent (2015-2017) applications of liquid separation in conjunction with mass spectrometry to the analysis of forensic evidence.

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Recent advancements and future trends in environmental analysis: Sample preparation, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry

Cited by 128 publications

References 220 publications

Vacuum-assisted evaporative concentration combined with LC-HRMS/MS for ultra-trace-level screening of organic micropollutants in environmental water samples

Vacuum-assisted evaporative concentration combined with LC-HRMS/MS for ultra-trace-level screening of organic micropollutants in environmental water samples

Semi‐quantitative non‐target analysis of water with liquid chromatography/high‐resolution mass spectrometry: How far are we?

Applications of liquid‐based separation in conjunction with mass spectrometry to the analysis of forensic evidence

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