Recent Advancements in Lignin Valorization and Biomedical Applications:
A Patent Review

Prasad, Vandana; Siddiqui, Lubna; Mishra, Pawan Kumar; Ekielski, Adam; Talegaonkar, Sushama

doi:10.2174/1872210515666210216085831

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Usually, the lignin component is removed during biorefinery processing as it hinders the extraction of cellulose and also is responsible for the biomass recalcitrance. However, in recent years valorization of lignin has been considered an important research topic that can potentially be used in the biomedical sector [236,237].…”

Section: Mechanism Of Cellulose Synthesis In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomedical engineering aspects of nanocellulose: a review

Rai

Dhar

2022

Nanotechnology

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Cellulose is one of the most abundant renewable biopolymer in nature and is present as major constituent in both plant cell walls as well as synthesized by some microorganisms as extracellular products. In both the systems, cellulose self-assembles into a hierarchical ordered architecture to form micro to nano-fibrillated structures, on basis of which it is classified into various forms. Nanocellulose (NCs) exist as rod-shaped highly crystalline cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) to high aspect ratio cellulose nanofibers (CNF), micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) and bacterial cellulose (BC), depending upon the origin, structural and morphological properties. Moreover, NCs have been processed into diversified products ranging from composite films, coatings, hydrogels, aerogels, xerogels, organogels, rheological modifiers, optically active birefringent colored films using traditional-to-advanced manufacturing techniques. With such versatility in structure-property, NCs have profound application in areas of healthcare, packaging, cosmetics, energy, food, electronics, bioremediation, and biomedicine with promising commercial potential. Herein this review, we highlight the recent advancements in synthesis, fabrication, processing of NCs, with strategic chemical modification routes to tailor its properties for targeted biomedical applications. We also study the basic mechanism and models for biosynthesis of cellulose in both plant and microbial systems and understand the structural insights of NC polymorphism. The kinetics study for both enzymatic/chemical modifications of NCs and microbial growth behavior of BC under various reactor configurations are studied. The challenges associated with the commercial aspects as well as industrial scale production of pristine and functionalized NCs to meet the growing demands of market are discussed and prospective strategies to mitigate them are described. Finally, post chemical modification evaluation of biological and inherent properties of NC are important to determine their efficacy for development of various products and technologies directed for biomedical applications.

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Section: Mechanism Of Cellulose Synthesis In Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomedical engineering aspects of nanocellulose: a review

Rai

Dhar

2022

Nanotechnology

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“…Lignin is primarily viewed of as the glue that binds the various parts of lignocellulosic biomass together, making it water-insoluble. It is extremely challenging to hydrolyze the biomass using enzymatic or microbiological processes because of how tightly lignin is bound to the cellulose structure [17,22].…”

Section: Ligninmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbial Enzyme Systems in the Production of Second Generation Bioethanol

Soni¹,

Sharma²,

Soni³

2022

Preprint

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The primary contributor to global warming has been the careless usage of fossil fuels. Urbanization's threat to the depletion of these resources has made it necessary to find alternatives due to the rising demand. Four different forms of biofuels are now available and constitute a possible replacement for fossil fuels. The first generation of biofuels is generated from the edible portion of biomass, the second generation is made from the non-edible portion of biomass, the third generation is made from algal biomass, and the fourth generation is made using molecular biology to improve the algal strain. Second generation biofuels are extremely important because they are derived from non-edible biomass, such as agricultural and agro-industrial wastes rich in cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin, and starch impregnated with lignin, and are hydrolyzed after delignification by physio-chemical or biological pretreatments using ligninases. There has been a lot of research on their production using chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, but it has not been economically viable in comparison to first generation biofuels due to the formation of several inhibitors with chemical hydrolysis and the high cost of the enzymes. Furthermore, the need for multiple enzymes due to the various types of carbohydrates in the feedstocks makes the enzymatic process too expensive. This article examines the enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of feedstocks for the production of second generation bioethanol, a highly acceptable biofuel.

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