Recent advancements in magnesium implants for orthopedic application and associated infections

Development of magnesium implants by application of conjoint‐based quality function deployment

“…Biofilms enhance the ability of bacteria to resist bodily immune reactions as well as the actions of biocides and antibiotics (Glinel, Thebault, Humblot, Pradier, & Jouenne, ). Indeed, with the increasing number of orthopedic implants being introduced, the number of infections is rising (James, ). Hence, many experiments have been performed in this field, while research is still ongoing into finishing implants with antibacterial repellents and drug‐eluting coatings, surfactants and hydroxyapatites, as well as into doping of implant materials with biological molecules to ensure clean, anti‐adhesive, and antimicrobial surfaces (Arciola, Campoccia, Speziale, Montanaro, & Costerton, ; James, ).…”

“…Indeed, with the increasing number of orthopedic implants being introduced, the number of infections is rising (James, ). Hence, many experiments have been performed in this field, while research is still ongoing into finishing implants with antibacterial repellents and drug‐eluting coatings, surfactants and hydroxyapatites, as well as into doping of implant materials with biological molecules to ensure clean, anti‐adhesive, and antimicrobial surfaces (Arciola, Campoccia, Speziale, Montanaro, & Costerton, ; James, ). Furthermore, sterilization is the focus of many investigations, with initial results indicating that Co60 γ radiation can achieve good results on Mg–Ca alloys while minimizing any effects on surface characteristics (Liu, Zhou, Wu, Cheng, & Zheng, ).…”

“…The surface has to be able to withstand relatively robust handling to guarantee its appropriate form of stability and to avoid cross-contamination with bacteria or metallic elements, such as Fe. Infections are very difficult to treat due to biofilm formation and the low degree of vascularization of the interface between the bone and the implant (James, 2016;Ordikhani et al, 2014).…”

“…Indeed, with the increasing number of orthopedic implants being introduced, the number of infections is rising (James, 2016). Hence, many experiments have been performed in this field, while research F I G U R E 7 HoQ map for magnesium-based orthopedic implants is still ongoing into finishing implants with antibacterial repellents and drug-eluting coatings, surfactants and hydroxyapatites, as well as into doping of implant materials with biological molecules to ensure clean, anti-adhesive, and antimicrobial surfaces (Arciola, Campoccia, Speziale, Montanaro, & Costerton, 2012;James, 2016).…”

“…Notwithstanding the advantages of magnesium alloys, researchers have also revealed some problematic issues and drawbacks that are hampering the further penetration of competitive degradable magnesium implants into the market. In particular, the challenges include the control of degradation (Agarwal, Curtin, Duffy, & Jaiswal, 2016;Castro & Durán, 2018;Pogorielov, Husak, Solodivnik, & Zhdanov, 2017;Rahim, Ullah, & Mueller, 2018;Sanchez, Luthringer, Feyerabend, & Willumeit, 2015;Sezer, Evis, Kayhan, Tahmasebifar, & Koç, 2018;Song, 2007a;Zheng, Gu, & Witte, 2014) and mechanical integrity, the production of hydrogen gas during degradation (Witte et al, 2008), the strength (Pogorielov et al, 2017;Rahim et al, 2018;Willbold et al, 2017), and modifications of the surface to reduce biofilm-related infections (James, 2016;Rahim et al, 2018), which are essential requirements for long-term patient care and optimal healing processes.…”