Recent Advancements in the Formulation of Nanomaterials-Based Nanozymes, Their Catalytic Activity, and Biomedical Applications

Abstract

Nanozymes are nanoparticles with intrinsic enzyme-mimicking properties that have become more prevalent because of their ability to outperform conventional enzymes by overcoming their drawbacks related to stability, cost, and storage. Nanozymes have the potential to manipulate active sites of natural enzymes, which is why they are considered promising candidates to function as enzyme mimetics. Several microscopy- and spectroscopy-based techniques have been used for the characterization of nanozymes. To date, a wide range of nanozymes, including catalase, oxidase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase, have been designed to effectively mimic natural enzymes. The activity of nanozymes can be controlled by regulating the structural and morphological aspects of the nanozymes. Nanozymes have multifaceted benefits, which is why they are exploited on a large scale for their application in the biomedical sector. The versatility of nanozymes aids in monitoring and treating cancer, other neurodegenerative diseases, and metabolic disorders. Due to the compelling advantages of nanozymes, significant research advancements have been made in this area. Although a wide range of nanozymes act as potent mimetics of natural enzymes, their activity and specificities are suboptimal, and there is still room for their diversification for analytical purposes. Designing diverse nanozyme systems that are sensitive to one or more substrates through specialized techniques has been the subject of an in-depth study. Hence, we believe that stimuli-responsive nanozymes may open avenues for diagnosis and treatment by fusing the catalytic activity and intrinsic nanomaterial properties of nanozyme systems.

Ag and MoO3 Nanoparticle-Containing Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber Membranes for Wound Dressings

“…The UV-light-treated sample could generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) on the surface of the composite, which have potent antibacterial effects such as damaging bacterial DNA, proteins, and lipids. , All samples have different approaches to destroying the bacteria in their vicinity, and the results indicate the broad-spectrum antibacterial potential of Ag-MoO 3 /PAN nanofibers. The samples displaying considerable inhibition zones are confirmed from previous reports. , …”

“…For sodium citrate treatment, the silver release exhibited a more significant increase, reaching 239.36 ppm on day 7, suggesting a higher rate of silver ion release. The change in pH can significantly increase the release of silver ions due to alterations in the citrate protonation state and its ability to form stabilizing hydrogen bonds or promote the adsorption of silver clusters onto nanoparticles surfaces, which might lead to the accelerated release of silver ions into the soluiton . Under UV exposure treated sample, the release of silver ions is constant and moderate in the solution.…”

Nanozyme-assisted amplification-free CRISPR/Cas system realizes visual detection

“…The use of nanozymes to amplify detection signals results in increasingly sensitive and accurate outcomes. Nanozymes, as a category of nanomaterials with enzyme-like catalytic activities, combine the Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology frontiersin.org advantages of biological enzymes and nanomaterials, displaying high catalytic performance and exceptional stability (Huang et al, 2019;Singh et al, 2023). Relative to natural enzymes, nanozymes exhibit various advantages, including enzyme-like reaction kinetics, high catalytic efficiency, and tolerance to environmental variations.…”

Sustainable Synthesis of Novel Green-Based Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Interventions and Environmental Remediation

“…The formulation of bimetallic NPs through electrostatic interaction between enzymes and multilayered assembled polymeric membranes aids in NZ synthesis. 33 For example, the fruit peel extract of Punica granatum was used for the fabrication of Fe 3 O 4 nanozymes that exhibited superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. 34 Similarly, the petals of Cassia glauca were used for the functionalization of cerium oxide NPs that demonstrated significant nanozyme activity.…”