Recent advances in biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of principal mycotoxins

Ferrara, Massimo; Perrone, Giancarlo; Gallo, Antonia

doi:10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100923

Cited by 16 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…The organization of the aflatoxin biosynthetic gene cluster and the functions of its genes have recently been reviewed in several publications ( Caceres et al, 2020 ; Gil-Serna et al, 2020 ; Khan et al, 2021 ; Ferrara et al, 2022 ), and, therefore, only a short recapitulation of our knowledge on the genetic regulation of AF biosynthesis is presented here.…”

Section: Genetics Of Aflatoxin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition to pathway-specific transcription factors, secondary metabolite biosynthesis genes are regulated by global (or general) transcription factors, too; these transcription factors mediate (i) nutritional, (ii) environmental, and (iii) developmental signals ( Reverberi et al, 2010 ; Roze et al, 2011 ; Yin et al, 2012 , 2013 ; Montibus et al, 2013 ; Hong et al, 2013a , b ; Ferrara et al, 2022 ). Such a complex regulatory network helps fungi to react to stressors by producing secondary metabolites.…”

Section: Genetics Of Aflatoxin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Advanced mycotoxin control and decontamination techniques in view of an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe due to climate change

et al. 2023

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Aflatoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by Aspergillus spp. found in staple food and feed commodities worldwide. Aflatoxins are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, and pose a serious threat to the health of both humans and animals. The global economy and trade are significantly affected as well. Various models and datasets related to aflatoxins in maize have been developed and used but have not yet been linked. The prevention of crop loss due to aflatoxin contamination is complex and challenging. Hence, the set-up of advanced decontamination is crucial to cope with the challenge of climate change, growing population, unstable political scenarios, and food security problems also in European countries. After harvest, decontamination methods can be applied during transport, storage, or processing, but their application for aflatoxin reduction is still limited. Therefore, this review aims to investigate the effects of environmental factors on aflatoxin production because of climate change and to critically discuss the present-day and novel decontamination techniques to unravel gaps and limitations to propose them as a tool to tackle an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe.

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Section: Genetics Of Aflatoxin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Genetics Of Aflatoxin Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advanced mycotoxin control and decontamination techniques in view of an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe due to climate change

et al. 2023

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“…For example, the FUM1 gene plays a critical role in the synthesis of the linear polyketide, which serves as the foundational chemical backbone . Then, enzymatic reactions on the polyketide backbone led to the generation of specific fumonisin variants …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of an Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 System in Fusarium verticillioides and Its Application in Reducing Mycotoxin Contamination

Tang,

Ding,

Guo

2024

J. Agric. Food Chem.

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Fusarium verticillioides (F. verticillioides) is a globally recognized and highly impactful fungal pathogen of maize, causing yield losses and producing harmful mycotoxins that pose a threat to human and animal health. However, the genetic tools available for studying this crucial fungus are currently limited in comparison to other important fungal pathogens. To address this, an efficient CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system based on an autonomously replicating plasmid with an AMA1 sequence was established in this study. First, gene disruption of pyrG and pyrE via nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) pathway was successfully achieved, with efficiency ranging from 66 to 100%. Second, precise gene deletions were achieved with remarkable efficiency using a dual sgRNA expression strategy. Third, the developed genome editing system can be applied to generate designer chromosomes in F. verticillioides, as evidenced by the deletion of a crucial 38 kb fragment required for fumonisin biosynthesis. Fourth, the pyrG recycling system has been established and successfully applied in F. verticillioides. Lastly, the developed ΔFUM1 and ΔFUM mutants can serve as biocontrol agents to reduce the fumonisin B1 (FB1) contamination produced by the toxigenic strain. Taken together, these significant advancements in genetic manipulation and biocontrol strategies provide valuable tools for studying and mitigating the impact of F. verticillioides on maize crops.

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“…and Penicillium spp. ; and 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA, 1 ) from Aspergillus oryzae and other fungi. , Extensive efforts toward characterization of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) of mycotoxins have been undertaken in recent decades. , The BGCs of many mycotoxins have been identified, especially those containing polyketide synthases (PKSs), nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs), or terpene synthases (TSs) (Figure A).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Isotope-labeling studies of 1 from fungi and plants established the biosynthetic origins are distinct (Figures 1B and 1D). 24−27 Whereas the plant pathway starts with malonic acid (6) and proceeds via N-hydroxy-β-alanine (7), fungi initiate the pathway to 1 with L-aspartate (8). Baxter et al proposed the iterative oxidation of 8 to generate (S)nitrosuccinic acid (9), followed by decarboxylation to 1 (Figure 1D).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

How Fungi Biosynthesize 3-Nitropropanoic Acid: The Simplest yet Lethal Mycotoxin

Johnson,

Ohashi,

Tang

2024

Org. Lett.

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We uncovered the biosynthetic pathway of the lethal mycotoxin 3-nitropropanoic acid (3-NPA) from koji mold Aspergillus oryzae. The biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) of 3-NPA, which encodes an amine oxidase and a decarboxylase, is conserved in many fungi used in food processing, although most of the strains have not been reported to produce 3-NPA. Our discovery will lead to efforts that improve the safety profiles of these indispensable microorganisms in making food, alcoholic beverages, and seasoning.

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Recent advances in biosynthesis and regulatory mechanisms of principal mycotoxins

Cited by 16 publications

References 106 publications

Advanced mycotoxin control and decontamination techniques in view of an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe due to climate change

Advanced mycotoxin control and decontamination techniques in view of an increased aflatoxin risk in Europe due to climate change

Development of an Efficient CRISPR/Cas9 System in Fusarium verticillioides and Its Application in Reducing Mycotoxin Contamination

How Fungi Biosynthesize 3-Nitropropanoic Acid: The Simplest yet Lethal Mycotoxin

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