Recent Advances in Chemically-Modified and Hybrid Carrageenan-Based Platforms for Drug Delivery, Wound Healing, and Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Recently, many studies have focused on carrageenan-based hydrogels for biomedical applications thanks to their intrinsic properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, resembling native glycosaminoglycans, antioxidants, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and anticoagulant properties. They can easily change to three-dimensional hydrogels using a simple ionic crosslinking process. However, there are some limitations, including the uncontrollable exchange of ions and the formation of a brittle hydrogel, which can be overcome via simple chemical modifications of polymer networks to form chemically crosslinked hydrogels with significant mechanical properties and a controlled degradation rate. Additionally, the incorporation of various types of nanoparticles and polymer networks into carrageenan hydrogels has resulted in the formation of hybrid platforms with significant mechanical, chemical and biological properties, making them suitable biomaterials for drug delivery (DD), tissue engineering (TE), and wound healing applications. Herein, we aim to overview the recent advances in various chemical modification approaches and hybrid carrageenan-based platforms for tissue engineering and drug delivery applications.

A Brief Review on Additive Manufacturing of Polymeric Composites and Nanocomposites

“…To improve the performance of printed components, further post-processes, including infiltration or consolidation, have been applied [ 28 ]. However, some other studies [ 154 , 155 , 156 , 157 , 158 , 159 , 160 , 161 , 162 , 163 , 164 , 165 ] evaluated additive manufacturing of polymer matrix composites for drug delivery, wound healing, and tissue engineering.…”

Marine Polysaccharides for Wound Dressings Application: An Overview

“…Carrageenan as an excipient could prolong the release of antimicrobial agents and growth factors [168,172]. The carrageenan injectable hydrogels could achieve continuous drug delivery to wounds [173,174]. Furthermore, other carrageenans micro-drug delivery systems (e.g., microspheres, pellets) have also been developed [171].…”

“…On the other hand, too-high sulfate groups in carrageenan molecules might cause some detrimental effects on coagulation and the immune system [174]. Adjusting the sulfate groups through chemical modification, crosslinking, or incorporating biomolecules are the measures to enhance carrageenan safety.…”

Recent Advances in Functional Polymer Materials for Energy, Water, and Biomedical Applications: A Review

“…Actually, bioactive natural polymers, such as chitosan, alginate, carrageenan, and various polysaccharide extracts from plants were grafted onto various textile biomaterials, including implants and wound dressings. Successful chemical grafting without altering the different mechanical, swelling, and microbiological properties of the grafted biopolymers afforded excellent and promising functionalized textile biomaterials with enhanced physical, bacterial, and biological performance [195][196][197][198][199][200][201][202][203][204][205][206][207][208].…”