Recent advances in exosomal non‐coding RNA‐based therapeutic approaches for photoaging

Abstract

BackgroundPhotoaging is a degenerative biological process that affects the quality of life. It is caused by environmental factors including ultraviolet radiation (UVR), deep skin burns, smoking, active oxygen, chemical substances, and trauma. Among them, UVR plays a vital role in the aging process.AimWith the continuous development of modern medicine, clinical researchers have investigated novel approaches to treat aging. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), non‐coding RNAs are involved in various physiological processes have broad clinical application as they have the advantages of convenient samples, abundant sources, and avoidable ethical issues.MethodsThis article reviews research progress on five types of stem cell, exosomes, non‐coding RNA in the context of photoaging treatment: adipose‐derived stem cell, human umbilical cord MSCs, epidermal progenitor cells, keratinocyte stem cells, and hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). It also includes stem cell related exosomes and their non‐coding RNA research.ResultsThe results have clinical guiding significance for prevention and control of the onset and development of photoaging. It is found that stem cells secrete cytokines, cell growth factors, non‐coding RNA, exosomes and proteins to repair aging skin tissues and achieve skin rejuvenation. In particular, stem cell exosomes and non‐coding RNA are found to have significant research potential, as they possess the benefits of their source cells without the disadvantages which include immune rejection and granuloma formation.

Skin rejuvenation and photoaging protection using adipose‐derived stem cell extracellular vesicles loaded with exogenous cargos

“…We observed that 70%–80% of total sEV proteins were identical among independent batches, higher than the reported 46.7% rate 12 . Functional analyses of biocargos confirmed the promising regenerative and anti‐inflammatory properties of ASC‐sEVs as already established 2,36 …”

“…Notably, although ASC‐sEV treatment could increase level of anti‐oxidant enzymes in response to UVB, 42 we found that the treatment with loaded ASC‐sEVs upregulated these enzymes the most, explaining the lowest ROS level compared to sEV‐ and compound‐only treatments. Furthermore, our transcriptomic data did not detect changes in matrix metalloproteinases and collagen‐family genes as several reports about anti‐photoaging effect of sEVs 2,42,43 . This discrepancy was likely attributed to the different sampling time point as we collected RNA samples only 15 min after UVB irradiation to match with the ROS measurement, while others harvested 24–72 h later to investigate transcriptomic changes as consequences of ROS and maybe DNA damage 42,43 .…”

“…Prolonged exposure of skin to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun accelerates natural aging and damages the collagen and elastin fibers in the skin, leading to wrinkles, fine lines, hyperpigmentation, and loss of skin elasticity 1,2 . Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and MSC‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have gained remarkable attention for their wound‐healing, regenerative and protective properties against skin photoaging 3 .…”

Skin boosters: Definitions and varied classifications

“…The study of Li et al highlights the significant clinical promise of stem cells and their derivatives, including exosomes and noncoding RNAs, in rejuvenating aging skin and mitigating the effects of photoaging. 53 Applying exosomes directly after skin rejuvenation treatments like fractional laser, microneedling, radiofrequency micro-needling, and microdermabrasion aids in the healing process. This approach helps to mitigate symptoms associated with these procedures, including erythema, edema, and discomfort.…”