Recent advances in lactic acid production by microbial fermentation processes

Lactic acid demineralization of green crab (Carcinus maenas) shells: effect of reaction conditions and isolation of an unusual calcium complex

“…Only one signal was observed to arise for each carbon or non-exchangeable proton in solution, that is, the coordinated and free ligands all exchange readily on the NMR time scale. This behaviour was also observed by Kondoh and Oi who studied the interaction of alkaline earth metal ions (magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium) with acetic and lactic acid in aqueous solutions by 13 C NMR spectroscopy (21). The authors found no distinct signals corresponding to bound and free lactate ions due to the fast interchange between the two.…”

“…It has found many useful applications, mainly as a precursor to bio-degradable polymers which are used in the food and beverage industries. Global production of lactic acid is between 200,000 and 400,000 tonnes per year and is growing at a rate of roughly 8% per year (13). Lactic acid is already relatively inexpensive, and the goal is to drop production costs to 0.8 USD per kilogram in the near future (13).…”

“…Global production of lactic acid is between 200,000 and 400,000 tonnes per year and is growing at a rate of roughly 8% per year (13). Lactic acid is already relatively inexpensive, and the goal is to drop production costs to 0.8 USD per kilogram in the near future (13). While it is more expensive than HCl, the detrimental effects that arise from using strong acid for digestion of the polymer may be avoided by using a weaker acid.…”

“…While it is more expensive than HCl, the detrimental effects that arise from using strong acid for digestion of the polymer may be avoided by using a weaker acid. Furthermore, its use would convert a waste stream into a valuable reagent (13)(14)(15).…”

Fabrication of nanocomposites and hybrid materials using microbial biotemplates

“…On the other hand, metabolites produced in microbial cell factories such as small Fig. 4 Two approaches to creating synthetic microbes: (1) creating life de novo, creating an artificial cell at least needs to integrate three main components: containment, cellular processes, and information and (2) bioengineering approach, using a refined version of genetic engineering, designing, and inserting elements inside the cells to perform specialized functions molecule (e.g., ethanol [89], lactic acid [90,91], glycerol [92]), antibiotic [93] (e.g., penicillin), pigment [94], protein [95] and glycoprotein [96], polysaccharide (e.g., hyaluronic acid [97], bacterial cellulose [98]), and even virus-like particles (as vaccine) [99] have been widely used in the production and life of human beings (Fig. 6).…”