Recent advances in nanotheranostics for triple negative breast cancer treatment

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most complex and aggressive type of breast cancer encountered world widely in women. Absence of hormonal receptors on breast cancer cells necessitates the chemotherapy as the only treatment regime. High propensity to metastasize and relapse in addition to poor prognosis and survival motivated the oncologist, nano-medical scientist to develop novel and efficient nanotherapies to solve such a big TNBC challenge. Recently, the focus for enhanced availability, targeted cellular uptake with minimal toxicity is achieved by nano-carriers. These smart nano-carriers carrying all the necessary arsenals (drugs, tracking probe, and ligand) designed in such a way that specifically targets the TNBC cells at site. Articulating the targeted delivery system with multifunctional molecules for high specificity, tracking, diagnosis, and treatment emerged as theranostic approach. In this review, in addition to classical treatment modalities, recent advances in nanotheranostics for early and effective diagnostic and treatment is discussed. This review highlighted the recently FDA approved immunotherapy and all the ongoing clinical trials for TNBC, in addition to nanoparticle assisted immunotherapy. Futuristic but realistic advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning not only improve early diagnosis but also assist clinicians for their workup in TNBC. The novel concept of Nanoparticles induced endothelial leakiness (NanoEL) as a way of tumor invasion is also discussed in addition to classical EPR effect. This review intends to provide basic insight and understanding of the novel nano-therapeutic modalities in TNBC diagnosis and treatment and to sensitize the readers for continue designing the novel nanomedicine. This is the first time that designing nanoparticles with stoichiometric definable number of antibodies per nanoparticle now represents the next level of precision by design in nanomedicine.

Long noncoding RNA HOST2, working as a competitive endogenous RNA, promotes STAT3-mediated cell proliferation and migration via decoying of let-7b in triple-negative breast cancer

“…The main systemic treatment for TNBC patients currently still is surgical resection and chemotherapy because of lacking meaningful hormonal biomarker [3]. The metastasis and recurrence rates of TNBC patients are significantly higher compared with other breast cancer subtypes [4,5]. So, exploring more effective target for early diagnosis and treatment of TNBC is essential.…”

Chemotherapy resistance and stromal targets in breast cancer treatment: a review

“…The field of theranostics explores the use of a highly specific agent for both therapeutic and diagnostic purposes, improving targeted and personalized therapy. Recent advances have been made in nanotheranostics for targeted treatment of triple negative breast cancer cells [ 51 ]. Targeting of CAFs in tumor–stroma might present a promising strategy, considering their active role in tumor development.…”

Bioengineered siRNA-Based Nanoplatforms Targeting Molecular Signaling Pathways for the Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer: Preclinical and Clinical Advancements

“…With the advancement of nanotechnology, nanoparticles are the vehicle of choice for naive siRNA targeted delivery. Nanocarriers have remarkable physicochemical features, including the surface functionality and the particle size that promote their rational development for siRNA delivery [ 36 ]. Neutral or negatively-charged nanoparticles are more liable for specific cellular uptake and have longer circulation time.…”

“…Neutral or negatively-charged nanoparticles are more liable for specific cellular uptake and have longer circulation time. The engineered delivery carriers are often optimized to be in the nanoscale from 5 nm to 100 nm [ 36 , 37 ]. Large nanoparticles with sizes greater than 100 nm are susceptible to non-specific accumulation in healthy organs causing unwanted side effects, whereas small nanoparticles with sizes less than 5 nm have lower circulation half-life as their size are below the renal threshold, so they are prone to renal elimination [ 37 ].…”