Recent advances in Pb–Sn mixed perovskite solar cells

Deng, Yanyu; Ren, Guanhua; Han, Danao; Han, Wenbin; Li, Zhuowei; Liu, Chunyu

doi:10.1016/j.jechem.2022.07.003

Cited by 18 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 163 publications

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“…Besides the above-mentioned inorganic additives, several small-molecule organic additives with better solubility in polar solvents are also used to prohibit the Sn 2+ oxidation to increase the PCEs and stability of mixed Pb−Sn PSCs. 33 For instance, Xu et al have added an ascorbic acid (AA) antioxidant into the MA 0.5 FA 0.5 Pb 0.5 Sn 0.5 I 3 precursor solution to inhibit the Sn 2+ oxidation. 113 It was found that the counteranion of the AA additive functioned as a conjugated Lewis base enabling the formation of iodoplumbate complexes with SnI 2 as the Lewis acid, which effectively tailored the crystallization kinetics of perovskite crystals.…”

Section: Advances In Additive Engineering For Mixed Pb−sn Narrow-band...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2) The humid/thermal stability and PCEs of Pb−Sn NBG PSCs can be significantly improved as a result of the synergistic Sn 2+ substitution. 33,48 It is well-known that the crystal structure of perovskites is crucial to the photovoltaic performance of corresponding PSCs. The mixed Pb−Sn perovskites showed excellent optical and electronic properties similar to many Pb-based perovskites as a result of the similar crystal structure.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The new third-generation solar cells, such as perovskite solar cells (PSCs), dye-sensitized solar cells, and quantum dot solar cells, have received increasing interests recently as a result of the facile fabrication process, low-cost raw material, and superior theoretical PCEs. − In particular, PSCs with lead (Pb)-based halide perovskites as light absorbers exhibit several unique and excellent optical/electronic properties, including adjustable band gaps, high optical absorption coefficients, high mobility, and long diffusion length of charge carriers, leading to a rapid boosting rate of PCEs of PSCs from 3.8 to 25.7% in the last 14 years. − Therefore, the newly developed PSCs are considered as the most potential replacements to traditional silicon-based solar cells for large-scale and sustainable photovoltaic power generation. , Although the PCEs of Pb-based PSCs have reached 25.7% recently, the large-scale applications of Pb-based organic–inorganic hybrid PSCs still face many crucial challenges. − First, the band gaps of Pb-based organic–inorganic perovskites currently used in high-performance PSCs are generally 1.5–1.6 eV, which are much larger than the theoretical optimal band gap of 1.3–1.4 eV for solar cells calculated according to the Shockley–Queisser (S–Q) theory . Second, the toxicity of Pb is extremely harmful to the environment and humans. − To overcome these problems, numerous researchers are trying to develop new Pb-free or Pb-less halide perovskites using non-toxic metals, including tin (Sn), bismuth (Bi), and germanium (Ge), to achieve sustainable and clean perovskite photovoltaics. − Among various alternatives to Pb 2+ cations, Sn 2+ cations have similar electronic structures to Pb 2+ and comparable ion radii (the ionic radii of Sn 2+ and Pb 2+ are 110 and 119 pm, respectively). − Therefore, partial or complete replacement of Pb 2+ in perovskites by Sn 2+ will not lead to significant lattice distortions in the perovskite structure .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…29−32 Therefore, the newly developed PSCs are considered as the most potential replacements to traditional silicon-based solar cells for large-scale and sustainable photovoltaic power generation. 33,34 Although the PCEs of Pb-based PSCs have reached 25.7% recently, the large-scale applications of Pb-based organic−inorganic hybrid PSCs still face many crucial challenges. 35−38 First, the band gaps of Pb-based organic− inorganic perovskites currently used in high-performance PSCs are generally 1.5−1.6 eV, which are much larger than the theoretical optimal band gap of 1.3−1.4 eV for solar cells calculated according to the Shockley−Queisser (S−Q) theory.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…51 Furthermore, mixed Pb−Sn perovskites exhibit optimal band gaps approaching the S−Q limit, which can be used as ideal narrow-band-gap (NBG) light absorbers for bottom subcells of all-perovskite tandem solar cells (TSCs) to break the S−Q limit of single-junction PSCs. 33 A doublejunction tandem as the simplest implementation of TSCs includes a wide-band-gap (1.67−1.75 eV) top cell to absorb high-energy photons from the short-wavelength part of the solar spectrum for generating a high voltage but permits lower energy photons to pass. In addition, a narrow-band-gap (∼1.1 eV) cell is employed for reutilization of such transmitted light to increase the overall PCEs of TSCs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Additive Engineering for Mixed Lead–Tin Narrow-Band-Gap Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Advances and Perspectives

Wang

Xiang

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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Low-cost perovskite solar cells (PSCs) with high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of >25% are considered as the most promising replacement for commercial silicon-based solar cells to realize a sustainable future. To break the theoretical PCE limits of single-junction PSCs, all-perovskite tandem solar cells consisting of a narrow-band-gap bottom subcell and a wide-band-gap top subcell have attracted particular attention recently. Mixed Pb–Sn perovskites with narrow band gaps have received great attention as an efficient light harvester in the bottom subcell of all-perovskite tandem solar cells as a result of the reduced toxicity, high light-absorbing capability, and matched current with the wide-band-gap top subcells. However, mixed Pb–Sn narrow-band-gap PSCs suffer from low PCEs, inferior stability, and high open-circuit voltage (V oc) loss, owing to the high defect amount and inferior perovskite film quality induced by the detrimental oxidation of Sn2+ cations and the rapid crystallization of perovskite crystals. Herein, the recent advances about the additive engineering for mixed Pb–Sn narrow-band-gap PSCs are reviewed by demonstrating the origins and unique features of Pb–Sn narrow-band-gap perovskites. Additionally, several strategies to improve PCEs and durability of Pb–Sn narrow-band-gap PSCs through additive engineering are proposed, including Sn2+ cation stabilization, heterojunction construction, crystallization control, surface/grain boundary passivation, film morphology control, carrier dynamics modulation, and gradient-distributed film formation. Furthermore, the existing challenges and future directions are also presented, aiming to provide important insights for designing and developing efficient and stable single-junction narrow-band-gap PSCs and all-perovskite tandem solar cells.

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Section: Advances In Additive Engineering For Mixed Pb−sn Narrow-band...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Additive Engineering for Mixed Lead–Tin Narrow-Band-Gap Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Advances and Perspectives

Wang

Xiang

et al. 2023

Energy Fuels

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A Revisit of Crystallization in Tin Halide Perovskite Thin Films: From Nucleation, Intermediate to Crystal Growth

Yin,

Yao,

Qiu

et al. 2024

Adv Funct Materials

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Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are exuding unique charm in the third generation of thin film solar cell technology with high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and low production cost. Recently, the lead‐free tin halide perovskite solar cells (TPSCs) have drawn significant research interests due to the advantages of low toxicity, near‐ideal bandgap and high carrier mobility. However, the rapid crystallization and easy oxidation limits the film quality and final performance of the solar cells. Therefore, the deposition of high‐quality tin halide perovskite films is key to the advance of TPSCs. In this review, the classical theory of solution nucleation and crystal growth is reviewed and correlated to the practical deposition of tin perovskite film. The physicochemical properties of tin perovskite with those of lead counterpart and the differences in the crystallization process is carefully compared. On this basis, recent regulation strategies are systematically summarized in terms of the nucleation management, intermediate phase engineering and crystal growth regulation. In addition, the preparation of mixed tin‐lead (Sn‐Pb) PSCs toward high performance is also discussed, as well as the limiting factors for device performance and stability. Finally, the future challenges and prospects of the crystallization regulation are discussed toward more efficient and stable TPSCs.

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Efficient and Stable Tin‐Lead Mixed Perovskite Solar Cells Using Post‐Treatment Additive with Synergistic Effects

Ding,

Yan,

Chen

et al. 2024

Angewandte Chemie

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Inhibiting the oxidation of Sn2+ during the crystallization process of Sn‐Pb mixed perovskite is found to be as important as the oxidation resistance of precursor solution to achieve high efficiency, but less investigated. Considering the excellent reduction feature of hydroquinone and the hydrophobicity of tert‐butyl group, an antioxidant 2,5‐di‐tert‐butylhydroquinone (DBHQ) was introduced into Sn‐Pb mixed perovskite films using an anti‐solvent approach. Interestingly, we find that DBHQ can act as function alterable additive during its utilization. On the one hand, DBHQ can restrict the oxidation of Sn2+ during the crystallization process, facilitating the fabrication of high‐quality perovskite film; on the other hand, the generated oxidation product 2,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone (DBBQ) can functionalize as defect passivator to inhibit the charge recombination. As a result, this synergetic effect renders the Sn‐Pb mixed PSC a power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 23.0%, which is significantly higher than the reference device (19.6%). Furthermore, the unencapsulated DBQH‐modified PSCs exhibited excellent long‐term stability and thermal stability, with the devices maintaining 84.2% and 78.9% of the initial PCEs after aging at 25°C and 60°C for 800 h and 120 h under N2 atmosphere, respectively. Therefore, the functional alterable strategy provides a novel cornerstone for high‐performance Sn‐Pb mixed PSCs.

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Recent advances in Pb–Sn mixed perovskite solar cells

Cited by 18 publications

References 163 publications

Additive Engineering for Mixed Lead–Tin Narrow-Band-Gap Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Advances and Perspectives

Additive Engineering for Mixed Lead–Tin Narrow-Band-Gap Perovskite Solar Cells: Recent Advances and Perspectives

A Revisit of Crystallization in Tin Halide Perovskite Thin Films: From Nucleation, Intermediate to Crystal Growth

Efficient and Stable Tin‐Lead Mixed Perovskite Solar Cells Using Post‐Treatment Additive with Synergistic Effects

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