Recent Advances in Phytohormone Regulation of Apple-Fruit Ripening

Ji, Yinglin; Wang, Aide

doi:10.3390/plants10102061

Cited by 21 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…In apple, fruit growth occurs at faster or similar rates than sugar synthesis and accumulation 36 . The energy needed for fruit and seed development is provided by hexoses, arising from the breakdown of photosynthetic sucrose and accumulated in the vacuoles of the cells 4,5 . In long‐term storage, the soluble sugar content was not significantly affected by the atmospheric conditions that were investigated or by ethylene inhibition, as shown in previous work 32 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Application of 1‐MCP was more effective than hypoxia in retaining flesh firmness in our experimental conditions. The comparatively higher effectiveness of ethylene blockage in preventing firmness loss is likely due to the role of ethylene in triggering abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis, which further accelerates cell‐wall degradation 4,5 …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Physiologically, apples are classified as climacteric fruits that show a steep and concomitant increase in respiration and ethylene biosynthesis during the final developmental stages of ripening 4,5 . To delay senescence, apples are conserved under specific controlled conditions, mainly by the manipulation of the storage temperature and atmosphere 6,7 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physicochemical properties and transcriptional changes underlying the quality of ‘Gala’ apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) under atmosphere manipulation in long‐term storage

et al. 2022

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BACKGROUND The year‐round availability of apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) depends on post‐harvest technologies, which are essential for the retention of fruit sensory and chemical properties by delaying senescence. The effectiveness of strategies for preserving the quality of apples depends on complex interactions between the storage environment and endogenous biological factors. In the current work, we integrated instrumental, sensory, and transcriptional data to determine the role of conservation technologies cold storage, controlled atmosphere, and 1‐methylcyclopropene‐mediated ethylene blockage on the long‐term conservation of apples. RESULTS The results demonstrated that inhibition of the consumer's perception of the apples’ ethylene content is essential for long‐term cold storage, and such quality conservation can be achieved by reducing oxygen pressure. Overall appreciation of apples after storage was determined mainly by their texture, with crispness and juiciness contributing favorably, and mealiness contributing negatively. Reduced oxygen pressure and inhibition of ethylene perception exerted distinct effects on the transcription of candidate genes associated with ripening in apple. Hexose and cell‐wall carbohydrate metabolism genes exhibit distinct expression patterns under storage. CONCLUSION Inhibition of ethylene perception and reduction of relative oxygen pressure under cold storage both promote similar conservation of apple sensory traits under long‐term cold storage. Texture was the main contributor to global appreciation of apples subjected to long‐term storage. The conditions that were investigated were able to delay, but not fully prevent, senescence, as evidenced by physicochemical and gene expression analyses. The expression of gene‐encoding enzymes involved in hexose metabolism was mainly developmentally regulated, whereas storage conditions exerted a stronger effect on the expression of genes associated with cell‐wall metabolism. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 59%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physicochemical properties and transcriptional changes underlying the quality of ‘Gala’ apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) under atmosphere manipulation in long‐term storage

et al. 2022

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“…The ethylene biosynthesis pathway has two critical steps: the production of 1-aminocyclopropane 1-carboxylic acid (ACC) via the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) by ACC synthase (ACS) and then the formation of ethylene from ACC by ACC oxidase (ACO) ( Ji and Wang, 2021 ). Moreover, the conversion of ACC to ethylene is oxygen-dependent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-Low Oxygen and Preconditioning Storage Regulate Ethylene Synthesis to Prevent Corky Disorders in ‘Fuji’ Apple

et al. 2022

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Corky disorders in apples represent a significant problem for long-term storage where controlled atmosphere (CA) is mainly used. Ultra-low oxygen (ULO) is an alternative to CA, which consists of low partial pressure of O2 to maintain a low metabolism in the apple fruit, achieving an effective decrease in the ethylene production and physiological disorders. The aim of this research was to study the effectiveness of a short hypoxia period on the development of cork physiological disorders during the storage of apple. ‘Fuji’ apples were prestored under ULO (0.5 kPa O2) for two periods of time (15 and 30 days) and at two temperatures (0 or 5°C). Corky physiological disorders increased at 5°C prestorage temperature; however, ULO treatments for 15 or 30 days at 0 or 5°C achieved a significant reduction in corky disorders near to 1%, compared with control treatments. In addition, a considerable reduction in ethylene production for up to 30 days was observed in ULO-treated fruit at 0 and 5°C. ULO for 30 days at 0 and 5°C increased the internal production of ethanol and acetaldehyde, causing a lower sensory quality due to the presence of fermentative flavors in fruit stored at 5°C. ULO of 15 days of conditioning decreased the relative expression of ethylene biosynthesis genes MdACS1 and MdACO1, resulting in lower ethylene production.

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“…In this regard, the creation of varieties that have a firm texture of the flesh and preserve it during storage is an important direction in breeding. The change in the structure of the fruit flesh during fruit ripening and storage is regulated by various physiological and biochemical processes, among which an important role belongs to the process of endogenous synthesis of ethylene, an increase in the intensity of which leads to softening of the flesh due to the activation of various enzymatic systems that affect the density of the cell wall (Ji, Wang, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification of apple genes <i>Md-Exp7</i> and <i>Md-PG1</i> alleles in advanced selections resistant to scab

et al. 2022

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The creation of apple varieties with a high level of f lesh f irmness and long shelf life is one of the important goals in breeding. Among the genes controlling these traits, the role of the endogenous ethylene biosynthesis control gene, Md-ACS1, the expansin gene, Md-Exp7, and the polygalacturonase gene, Md-PG1, has been established. The use of DNA marker analysis to solve problems in breeding for fruit quality traits allows one not only to track several target genes simultaneously, but also to cull plants with undesirable alleles at the early stages of development. In order to select complex donors of breeding traits, molecular genetic identif ication of the genes that determine the quality traits of apple fruits Md-Exp7 and Md-PG1 was performed in 256 breeding selections carrying the scab resistance gene Rvi6 and valuable allelic variants of the Md-ACS-1 gene, which determines the endogenous synthesis of ethylene in fruits: 90 samples with the Md-ACS1 allele (2/2) and 166 samples with Md-ACS1 (1/2). As a result of the study, an allelic combination for the Md-Exp7 and Md-PG1 genes was established. Analysis of the parental cultivars (Renet Simirenko, Modi, Smeralda, Renoir, Fulzhion and Granny Smith) used to obtain hybrid selections revealed three alleles 198, 202, 214 bp according to the DNA marker of the Md-Exp7 gene. The SSR marker for the Md-PG1 gene amplif ied three alleles (289, 292, 298 bp) on the abovementioned cultivars. Within the 256 breeding selections samples that have the most priority for breeding alleles of the desired genes in combination with the Rvi6 gene and/or with selection-priority allelic variants of the Md-ACS-1 gene were identif ied. Of the most valuable for breeding, 46 accessions carrying the combination Md-Exp7 (202:202) + Md-ACS1 (2/2) were distinguished. Hybrids with alleles Md-PG1 (292:292) + Md-ACS1 (2/2) are also most valuable for use in breeding and as donors of selection-valuable alleles; 21 samples were identif ied. Accessions with a complex of breeding-valuable target alleles are valuable complex donors, as well as valuable breeding material for creating varieties with improved fruit quality characteristics and scab resistance.

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Recent Advances in Phytohormone Regulation of Apple-Fruit Ripening

Cited by 21 publications

References 72 publications

Physicochemical properties and transcriptional changes underlying the quality of ‘Gala’ apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) under atmosphere manipulation in long‐term storage

Physicochemical properties and transcriptional changes underlying the quality of ‘Gala’ apples (Malus × domestica Borkh.) under atmosphere manipulation in long‐term storage

Ultra-Low Oxygen and Preconditioning Storage Regulate Ethylene Synthesis to Prevent Corky Disorders in ‘Fuji’ Apple

Identification of apple genes <i>Md-Exp7</i> and <i>Md-PG1</i> alleles in advanced selections resistant to scab

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