Recent advances in production and applications of ectoine, a compatible solute of industrial relevance

Kadam, Pratik; Khisti, Mitesh; Ravishankar, Varun; Barvkar, Vitthal; Dhotre, Dhiraj; Sharma, Avinash; Shouche, Yogesh; Zinjarde, Smita

doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2023.130016

Cited by 15 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 123 publications

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“…H. elongata primarily accumulates ectoine, an aspartate derivative (1,4,5,6-tetra-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid), as its main compatible solute to sustain osmotic balance [12]. Ectoine is a commercially important compatible solute widely used in medicine and cosmetics [14]. H. elongata stands out as a crucial industrial producer of ectoine [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal dynamics of stress response in Halomonas elongata to NaCl shock: physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic insights

Yu,

Zhang,

Liu

et al. 2024

Microb Cell Fact

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Background The halophilic bacterium Halomonas elongata is an industrially important strain for ectoine production, with high value and intense research focus. While existing studies primarily delve into the adaptive mechanisms of this bacterium under fixed salt concentrations, there is a notable dearth of attention regarding its response to fluctuating saline environments. Consequently, the stress response of H. elongata to salt shock remains inadequately understood. Results This study investigated the stress response mechanism of H. elongata when exposed to NaCl shock at short- and long-time scales. Results showed that NaCl shock induced two major stresses, namely osmotic stress and oxidative stress. In response to the former, within the cell’s tolerable range (1–8% NaCl shock), H. elongata urgently balanced the surging osmotic pressure by uptaking sodium and potassium ions and augmenting intracellular amino acid pools, particularly glutamate and glutamine. However, ectoine content started to increase until 20 min post-shock, rapidly becoming the dominant osmoprotectant, and reaching the maximum productivity (1450 ± 99 mg/L/h). Transcriptomic data also confirmed the delayed response in ectoine biosynthesis, and we speculate that this might be attributed to an intracellular energy crisis caused by NaCl shock. In response to oxidative stress, transcription factor cysB was significantly upregulated, positively regulating the sulfur metabolism and cysteine biosynthesis. Furthermore, the upregulation of the crucial peroxidase gene (HELO_RS18165) and the simultaneous enhancement of peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activities collectively constitute the antioxidant defense in H. elongata following shock. When exceeding the tolerance threshold of H. elongata (1–13% NaCl shock), the sustained compromised energy status, resulting from the pronounced inhibition of the respiratory chain and ATP synthase, may be a crucial factor leading to the stagnation of both cell growth and ectoine biosynthesis. Conclusions This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of H. elongata’s stress response to NaCl shock at multiple scales. It extends the understanding of stress response of halophilic bacteria to NaCl shock and provides promising theoretical insights to guide future improvements in optimizing industrial ectoine production.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temporal dynamics of stress response in Halomonas elongata to NaCl shock: physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic insights

Yu,

Zhang,

Liu

et al. 2024

Microb Cell Fact

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“…[ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Microorganisms synthesize various compatible solutes to survive in hypersaline environments—glycine-betaine [ 25 , 26 ], proline [ 27 , 28 ], mannitol [ 29 ], trehalose [ 30 ], ectoine [ 31 , 32 ], etc. [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improvement in Salt Tolerance Ability of Pseudomonas putida KT2440

Fan,

Tan,

Wang

et al. 2024

Biology

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Pseudomonas putida KT2440 is a popular platform for bioremediation due to its robust tolerance to environmental stress and strong biodegradation capacity. Limited research on the salt tolerance of P. putida KT2440 has hindered its application. In this study, the strain KT2440 was tested to tolerate a maximum of 4% w/v NaCl cultured with minimal salts medium. Transcriptomic data in a high-salinity environment showed significant expression changes in genes in membrane components, redox processes, chemotaxis, and cellular catabolic processes. betB-encoding betaine-aldehyde dehydrogenase was identified from the transcriptome data to overexpress and enhance growth profile of the strain KT2440 in minimal salts medium containing 4% w/v NaCl. Meanwhile, screening for exogenous salt-tolerant genes revealed that the Na+/H+ antiporter EcnhaA from Escherichia coli significantly increased the growth of the strain KT2440 in 4% w/v NaCl. Then, co-expression of EcnhaA and betB (KT2440-EcnhaA-betB) increased the maximum salt tolerance of strain KT2440 to 5% w/v NaCl. Further addition of betaine and proline improved the salt tolerance of the engineered strain to 6% w/v NaCl. Finally, the engineered strain KT2440-EcnhaA-betB was able to degrade 56.70% of benzoic acid and 95.64% of protocatechuic acid in minimal salt medium containing 4% w/v NaCl in 48 h, while no biodegradation was observed in the normal strain KT2440 in the same conditions. However, the strain KT2440-EcnhaA-betB failed to degrade catechol in minimal salt medium containing 3% w/v NaCl. This study illustrated the improvement in the salt tolerance performance of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 and the feasibility of engineered strain KT2440 as a potential salt-tolerant bioremediation platform.

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Scalable Electro‐Biosynthesis of Ectoine from Greenhouse Gases

Guo,

Li,

et al. 2024

Angewandte Chemie

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Converting greenhouse gases into valuable products has become a promising approach for achieving a carbon‐neutral economy and sustainable development. However, the conversion efficiency depends on the energy yield of the substrate. In this study, we developed an electro‐biocatalytic system by integrating electrochemical and microbial processes to upcycle CO2 into a valuable product (ectoine) using renewable energy. This system initiates the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methane, an energy‐dense molecule, which then serves as an electrofuel to energize the growth of an engineered methanotrophic cell factory for ectoine biosynthesis. The scalability of this system was demonstrated using an array of ten 25 cm2 electrochemical cells equipped with a high‐performance carbon‐supported isolated copper catalyst. The system consistently generated methane at the cathode under a total partial current of approximately −37 A (~175 mmolCH4 h–1) and O2 at the anode under a total partial current of approximately 62 A (~583 mmolO2 h–1). This output met the requirements of a 3‐L bioreactor, even at maximum CH4 and O2 consumption, resulting in the high‐yield conversion of CO2 to ectoine (1146.9 mg L–1). This work underscores the potential of electrifying the biosynthesis of valuable products from CO2, providing a sustainable avenue for biomanufacturing and energy storage.

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Recent advances in production and applications of ectoine, a compatible solute of industrial relevance

Cited by 15 publications

References 123 publications

Temporal dynamics of stress response in Halomonas elongata to NaCl shock: physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic insights

Temporal dynamics of stress response in Halomonas elongata to NaCl shock: physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic insights

Improvement in Salt Tolerance Ability of Pseudomonas putida KT2440

Scalable Electro‐Biosynthesis of Ectoine from Greenhouse Gases

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