Recent Advances in Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing

Abstract

Background Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) is classically performed using growth-based techniques that essentially require viable bacterial matter to become visible to the naked eye or a sophisticated densitometer. Content Technologies based on the measurement of bacterial density in suspension have evolved marginally in accuracy and rapidity over the 20th century, but assays expanded for new combinations of bacteria and antimicrobials have been automated, and made amenable to high-throughput turn-around. Over the past 25 years, elevated AST rapidity has been provided by nucleic acid-mediated amplification technologies, proteomic and other “omic” methodologies, and the use of next-generation sequencing. In rare cases, AST at the level of single-cell visualization was developed. This has not yet led to major changes in routine high-throughput clinical microbiological detection of antimicrobial resistance. Summary We here present a review of the new generation of methods and describe what is still urgently needed for their implementation in day-to-day management of the treatment of infectious diseases.

Long-term label-free assessments of individual bacteria using three-dimensional quantitative phase imaging and hydrogel-based immobilization

“…Finally, we demonstrated the potential application of hydrogel as an imaging medium for imaging-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) 38 , 39 [Fig. 6 ].…”

“…Bacteria are trackable and well immobilized for all Further application for imaging-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Finally, we demonstrated the potential application of hydrogel as an imaging medium for imaging-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) 38,39 [Fig. 6].…”

Long-term label-free assessments of individual bacteria using three-dimensional quantitative phase imaging and hydrogel-based immobilization

“…Finally, we demonstrated the potential application of a hydrogel as an imaging medium for imaging-based antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) [44, 45] (Fig. 6).…”

Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing for low bacterial concentrations integrating a centrifuge based bacterial cell concentrator

“…8 To address this issue, rapid AST methods have been developed through many studies by integrating microfabrication, image processing, electrochemistry, and nanotechnology. 9,10 The many of the phenotype rapid AST methods directly determine the response of bacteria to antimicrobials through microscopic observation of the growth of bacteria. [11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In addition, various methods of phenotypic AST have been reported, 18 including electrical measurements, 19 label-free scattering technologies (light scattering 20 and Raman 21 ), detecting the vibrations of a cantilever by bacteria, 22 electrochemical sensing, 23,24 atomic force microscopy, 25 and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS).…”