Recent Advances in the Discovery of Novel Antiprotozoal Agents

Lee, Seong-Min; Kim, Min-Sun; Hayat, Faisal; Shin, Dongyun

doi:10.3390/molecules24213886

Cited by 50 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 223 publications

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“…Despite the availability of treatment, persistent or recurrent infection remains the greatest challenge of vaginal infections [ 26 , 33 , 47 , 52 , 53 ]. This reflects a possibility of treatment failure or reinfection which may be due to the following factors: (1) the presence of antimicrobial-resistant strains; (2) sharing common clinical presentations with other form of vaginitis, leading to misdiagnosis, or (3) poor patient adherence resulting from the limitations of available formulations [ 22 , 52 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 , 58 , 59 , 60 ]. All information has been summarised in Table 1 .…”

Section: Type and Treatment Of Vaginal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promising Drug Delivery Approaches to Treat Microbial Infections in the Vagina: A Recent Update

et al. 2020

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An optimal host–microbiota interaction in the human vagina governs the reproductive health status of a woman. The marked depletion in the beneficial Lactobacillus sp. increases the risk of infection with sexually transmitted pathogens, resulting in gynaecological issues. Vaginal infections that are becoming increasingly prevalent, especially among women of reproductive age, require an effective concentration of antimicrobial drugs at the infectious sites for complete disease eradication. Thus, topical treatment is recommended as it allows direct therapeutic action, reduced drug doses and side effects, and self-insertion. However, the alterations in the physiological conditions of the vagina affect the effectiveness of vaginal drug delivery considerably. Conventional vaginal dosage forms are often linked to low retention time in the vagina and discomfort which significantly reduces patient compliance. The lack of optimal prevention and treatment approaches have contributed to the unacceptably high rate of recurrence for vaginal diseases. To combat these limitations, several novel approaches including nano-systems, mucoadhesive polymeric systems, and stimuli-responsive systems have been developed in recent years. This review discusses and summarises the recent research progress of these novel approaches for vaginal drug delivery against various vaginal diseases. An overview of the concept and challenges of vaginal infections, anatomy and physiology of the vagina, and barriers to vaginal drug delivery are also addressed.

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Section: Type and Treatment Of Vaginal Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Promising Drug Delivery Approaches to Treat Microbial Infections in the Vagina: A Recent Update

et al. 2020

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Section: Antiprotozoal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parasitic diseases are a serious health problem that has had a deep impact on the global human population [65]. Among parasites, protozoal parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania spp., Plasmodium falciparum, Giardia intestinalis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Toxoplasma gondii, represent the major disease-causing organisms [65,66]. The infections caused by these parasites are responsible for 500 million deaths worldwide, especially in undeveloped countries, where a tropical or temperate climate and poor sanitary and hygiene conditions are common [67].…”

Section: Antiprotozoal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Globally, the burden of protozoal diseases is increasing and has been exacerbated by the limited number of pharmaceuticals available, the lack of effective medication due to drug resistance, the severity of side effects, the high costs, or their limited practicality for field use. These limitations have prompted many researchers to search for novel drugs against protozoal parasites [65,67]. Diverse studies provide support that mulinanes and azorellane represent a promising group of natural antiprotozoal agents [21,29,35,41].…”

Section: Antiprotozoal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mulinane- and Azorellane-Type Diterpenoids: A Systematic Review of Their Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Pharmacology

et al. 2020

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Mulinane- and azorellane-type diterpenoids have unique tricyclic fused five-, six-, and seven-membered systems and a wide range of biological properties, including antimicrobial, antiprotozoal, spermicidal, gastroprotective, and anti-inflammatory, among others. These secondary metabolites are exclusive constituents of medicinal plants belonging to the Azorella, Laretia, and Mulinum genera. In the last 30 years, more than 95 mulinanes and azorellanes have been reported, 49 of them being natural products, 4 synthetics, and the rest semisynthetic and biotransformed derivatives. This systematic review highlights the biosynthetic origin, the chemistry, and the pharmacological activities of this remarkably interesting group of diterpenoids.

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“…Malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis are caused by parasitic protozoa of the genus Plasmodium species, Leishmania (over 20 Leishmania species), and Trypanosoma [ Trypanosoma brucei complex—human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and Trypanosoma cruzi —American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)], respectively [ 1 , 4 , 5 ]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) world malaria report 2019, an estimated 228 million cases of malaria and 405 000 deaths occurred worldwide in 2018, and six sub-Saharan African countries are the most affected [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potentials of marine natural products against malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis parasites: a review of recent articles

et al. 2021

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Background Malaria and neglected communicable protozoa parasitic diseases, such as leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, are among the otherwise called diseases for neglected communities, which are habitual in underprivileged populations in developing tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, Asia, and the Americas. Some of the currently available therapeutic drugs have some limitations such as toxicity and questionable efficacy and long treatment period, which have encouraged resistance. These have prompted many researchers to focus on finding new drugs that are safe, effective, and affordable from marine environments. The aim of this review was to show the diversity, structural scaffolds, in-vitro or in-vivo efficacy, and recent progress made in the discovery/isolation of marine natural products (MNPs) with potent bioactivity against malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis. Main text We searched PubMed and Google scholar using Boolean Operators (AND, OR, and NOT) and the combination of related terms for articles on marine natural products (MNPs) discovery published only in English language from January 2016 to June 2020. Twenty nine articles reported the isolation, identification and antiparasitic activity of the isolated compounds from marine environment. A total of 125 compounds were reported to have been isolated, out of which 45 were newly isolated compounds. These compounds were all isolated from bacteria, a fungus, sponges, algae, a bryozoan, cnidarians and soft corals. In recent years, great progress is being made on anti-malarial drug discovery from marine organisms with the isolation of these potent compounds. Comparably, some of these promising antikinetoplastid MNPs have potency better or similar to conventional drugs and could be developed as both antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal drugs. However, very few of these MNPs have a pharmaceutical destiny due to lack of the following: sustainable production of the bioactive compounds, standard efficient screening methods, knowledge of the mechanism of action, partnerships between researchers and pharmaceutical industries. Conclusions It is crystal clear that marine organisms are a rich source of antiparasitic compounds, such as alkaloids, terpenoids, peptides, polyketides, terpene, coumarins, steroids, fatty acid derivatives, and lactones. The current and future technological innovation in natural products drug discovery will bolster the drug armamentarium for malaria and neglected tropical diseases.

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Recent Advances in the Discovery of Novel Antiprotozoal Agents

Cited by 50 publications

References 223 publications

Promising Drug Delivery Approaches to Treat Microbial Infections in the Vagina: A Recent Update

Promising Drug Delivery Approaches to Treat Microbial Infections in the Vagina: A Recent Update

Mulinane- and Azorellane-Type Diterpenoids: A Systematic Review of Their Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Pharmacology

Potentials of marine natural products against malaria, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis parasites: a review of recent articles

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