Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanocomposites Biosensors for Virus Detection before and during COVID-19 Outbreak

Abstract

The deadly Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has become one of the most challenging pandemics in the last century. Clinical diagnosis reports a high infection rate within a large population and a rapid mutation rate upon every individual infection. The polymerase chain reaction has been a powerful and gold standard molecular diagnostic technique over the past few decades and hence a promising tool to detect the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid sequences. However, it can be costly and involved in complicated processes with a high demand for on-site tests. This pandemic emphasizes the critical need for designing cost-effective and fast diagnosis strategies to prevent a potential viral source by ultrasensitive and selective biosensors. Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanocomposites have been developed with unique physical and chemical properties crucial for building up nucleic acid and protein biosensors. In this review, we cover various types of 2D TMD biosensors available for virus detection via the mechanisms of photoluminescence/optical, field-effect transistor, surface plasmon resonance, and electrochemical signals. We summarize the current state-of-the-art applications of 2D TMD nanocomposite systems for sensing proteins/nucleic acid from different types of lethal viruses. Finally, we identify and discuss the advantages and limitations of TMD-based nanocomposites biosensors for viral recognition.

Bicomponent PLA Nanofiber Nonwovens as Highly Efficient Filtration Media for Particulate Pollutants and Pathogens

“…In addition, microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses in the air can attach to particulates, which gradually enter the human organs through the respiratory system, leading to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases [6,7]. Accordingly, in addition to using diagnostic tools to screen infected people and isolate them to prevent further spread of the virus, people are encouraged to wear suitable protective equipment, such as an N95 face mask, which has proved to be the most effective infection control approach [8]. Current masks almost exclusively use polypropylene-based meltblown materials as their functional filtration media, while which can lead to undesirable effects such as environmental disposal.…”

Magnetic-Responsive Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Platform with Tunable Hot Spot for Ultrasensitive Virus Nucleic Acid Detection

“…We believe that this study provides new insights into the design of the SERS platform for the detection of long-chain viral nucleic acids and magnetic manipulation of the interparticle coupling effect for intensifying the SERS signal. To further improve the sensitivity of our platform to meet the clinic standard for detecting viral nucleic acid such as SARS-CoV-2 cDNA, reverse transcription and recombinase polymerase isothermal amplification (RT-RPA) assay can be employed to amplify the copy number of target nucleic acids before the measurement . Hence, this platform will allow simple tailor-made for assisting the detection of other pathogenic nucleic acid sequences.…”

“…To further improve the sensitivity of our platform to meet the clinic standard for detecting viral nucleic acid such as SARS-CoV-2 cDNA, reverse transcription and recombinase polymerase isothermal amplification (RT-RPA) assay can be employed to amplify the copy number of target nucleic acids before the measurement. 50 Hence, this platform will allow simple tailor-made for assisting the detection of other pathogenic nucleic acid sequences.…”

AKR1B10, One of the Triggers of Cytokine Storm in SARS-CoV2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome

“…Nonetheless, the 2 of 14 vaccination appears insufficient to completely prevent the circulation of the virus, and the occurrence of severe forms requiring the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) is still associated with high mortality rates [3]. Hence, developing new approaches to detect SARS-CoV2 infection [4,5] and preventing the occurrence of the most severe cases of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) associated with severe COVID-19 forms represents a crucial strategy to reduce the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although COVID-19 is associated with a wide range of symptoms [6], life-threatening ARDS are tightly triggered by a massive inflammatory burst, named a cytokine storm [7].…”