Recent Advances in Two-Photon Stereolithography

Spangenberg, Arnaud; Hobeika, Nelly; Stehlin, Fabrice; Jean-PierreMalval,; Wieder, Fernand; Prabhakaran, Prém; Baldeck, Patrice L.; Soppera, Olivier

doi:10.5772/56165

Cited by 20 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 88 publications

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“…During direct laser writing, submicron volume pixel ("voxel") features are printed in the interior of the resist material via localized polymerization that is initiated by two-photon absorption of the incident light [6][7][8]. A schematic of the process is shown in Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Proximity of Features on the Damage Threshold During Submicron Additive Manufacturing Via Two-Photon Polymerization

Saha

Divin

Cuadra

et al. 2017

Journal of Micro and Nano-Manufacturing

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Two-photon polymerization (TPP) is a laser writing process that enables fabrication of millimeter scale three-dimensional (3D) structures with submicron features. In TPP, writing is achieved via nonlinear two-photon absorption that occurs at high laser intensities. Thus, it is essential to carefully select the incident power to prevent laser damage during polymerization. Currently, the feasible range of laser power is identified by writing small test patterns at varying power levels. Herein, we demonstrate that the results of these tests cannot be generalized, because the damage threshold power depends on the proximity of features and reduces by as much as 47% for overlapping features. We have identified that this reduction occurs primarily due to an increase in the single-photon absorptivity of the resin after curing. We have captured the damage from proximity effects via X-ray 3D computed tomography (CT) images of a nonhomogenous part that has varying feature density. Part damage manifests as internal spherical voids that arise due to boiling of the resist. We have empirically quantified this proximity effect by identifying the damage threshold power at different writing speeds and feature overlap spacings. In addition, we present a first-order analytical model that captures the scaling of this proximity effect. Based on this model and the experiments, we have identified that the proximity effect is more significant at high writing speeds; therefore, it adversely affects the scalability of manufacturing. The scaling laws and the empirical data generated here can be used to select the appropriate TPP writing parameters.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Proximity of Features on the Damage Threshold During Submicron Additive Manufacturing Via Two-Photon Polymerization

Saha

Divin

Cuadra

et al. 2017

Journal of Micro and Nano-Manufacturing

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“…[ 6 ] Among various existing 3D micro/nanofabrication methods, including nanoimprint lithography, [ 7 ] scanning probe lithography, [ 8 ] and soft lithography, [ 9 ] two-photon polymerization (TPP) based on laser direct writing is regarded as one of the most promising methods due to its unique combination of true 3D fabrication capability and high spatial resolution. [ 10 ] An ultrafi ne line width of ≈40 nm and relatively high fabrication throughput with writing speeds of 1-5 cm s −1 have been reported recently. [ 11 ] Furthermore, TPP lithography was found to be an ideal tool for developing 3D functional architectures using composite resins doped with various functional materials, including photoisomerizable dyes, [ 12 ] semiconductor nanoparticles, [ 13 ] metallic nanoparticles, [ 14 ] and magnetic nanoparticles.…”

Section: It Is Diffi Cult To Develop Tpp-compatible Photoresists Withmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laser‐Directed Assembly of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes in Three Dimensions for Multifunctional Device Fabrication

et al. 2016

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Laser-directed assembly of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) in 3D space is investigated via a two-photon polymerization technique. MWNT-thiol-acrylate (MTA) composite resins are developed with high MWNT concentrations up to 0.2 wt%, over one order of magnitude higher than previously published work. Significantly enhanced electrical and mechanical properties of the 3D micro-/nanostructures are achieved. Microelectronic devices made of the MTA resins are demonstrated.

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“…Polymerization is achieved by focusing two consecutive photons within the focal volume of a laser beam, and therefore, the polymerization threshold is not reached out of the focal volume. Typically, this technical approach allows to deal with treated volume less than 1 μm 3 [99]. Two-photon polymerization promoted the fabrication of scaffolds with nanoscale features similar to those of natural ECM, and this enables the possibility to further evaluate the cell response to this kind of environment [100].…”

Section: Additive Manufacturing For Sm Regenerationmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D Printing Decellularized Extracellular Matrix to Design Biomimetic Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering

Baiguera

Gaudio²,

Nardo

et al. 2020

BioMed Research International

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Functional engineered muscles are still a critical clinical issue to be addressed, although different strategies have been considered so far for the treatment of severe muscular injuries. Indeed, the regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle (SM) results inadequate for large-scale defects, and currently, SM reconstruction remains a complex and unsolved task. For this aim, tissue engineered muscles should provide a proper biomimetic extracellular matrix (ECM) alternative, characterized by an aligned/microtopographical structure and a myogenic microenvironment, in order to promote muscle regeneration. As a consequence, both materials and fabrication techniques play a key role to plan an effective therapeutic approach. Tissue-specific decellularized ECM (dECM) seems to be one of the most promising material to support muscle regeneration and repair. 3D printing technologies, on the other side, enable the fabrication of scaffolds with a fine and detailed microarchitecture and patient-specific implants with high structural complexity. To identify innovative biomimetic solutions to develop engineered muscular constructs for the treatment of SM loss, the more recent (last 5 years) reports focused on SM dECM-based scaffolds and 3D printing technologies for SM regeneration are herein reviewed. Possible design inputs for 3D printed SM dECM-based scaffolds for muscular regeneration are also suggested.

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Recent Advances in Two-Photon Stereolithography

Cited by 20 publications

References 88 publications

Effect of Proximity of Features on the Damage Threshold During Submicron Additive Manufacturing Via Two-Photon Polymerization

Effect of Proximity of Features on the Damage Threshold During Submicron Additive Manufacturing Via Two-Photon Polymerization

Laser‐Directed Assembly of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes in Three Dimensions for Multifunctional Device Fabrication

3D Printing Decellularized Extracellular Matrix to Design Biomimetic Scaffolds for Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering

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