Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of the development and function of Th17 cells

Abstract

IL-17-producing T helper (Th17) cells comprise a distinct Th subset involved in epithelial cell- and neutrophil-mediated immune responses against extracellular microbes. At the same time, Th17 cells play significant roles in the development of autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. Since the identification of Th17 cells approximately a decade ago, the molecular mechanisms of their differentiation have been intensively studied and a number of signaling cascades and transcription factors have been shown to be involved. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding the function of Th17 cells in vivo as well as several key concepts for the molecular mechanisms of Th17 differentiation. We also discuss the emerging roles of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) in the differentiation of Th17 cells.

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“…C. phlomidis displays considerable potency in antiinflammatory action and has prominent anti-arthritic effect on adjuvant-induced arthritis. [12] Similarly, aqueous extract and the whole seed powder of Strychnos potatorum Linn Loganiaceae seeds show the effect on the FCA induced arthritic rat paw edema, body weight changes, and alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters in both developing and developed phases of arthritis. [20] Ginger (Zingiber officinale) essential oils and more polar compounds were found more effective.…”

“…[16] Use of Organic Solvent Extracts complete adjuvant (FCA) induced animal model. [12] Its ethanolic extract restores level of serum SGOT, SGPT, ALP levels with pro-inflammatory cytokines, plasma lysosomal enzymes, and protein-bound carbohydrates of FCA arthritic animals. C. phlomidis displays considerable potency in antiinflammatory action and has prominent anti-arthritic effect on adjuvant-induced arthritis.…”

“…It is caused in part by the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) ligand (RANKL), a cell surface protein present in Th17 cells and osteoblasts. [12] The "rheumatoid factor" is an antibody that can be found in the blood of 80% of people with RA. Osteoclast activity can be directly induced by osteoblasts through the RANK/RANKL mechanism.…”

“…Total saponins of Psammruosilene tunicoids (TSPT) could effectively inhibit articular swelling, decrease arthritis index and regulate down the content of IL-1 beta, and TNF alpha in the inflammatory tissue soak of AA rats. There are numerous plant species whose organic solvent extracts show anti-inflammatory activity in animal model [12] and restores level of serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels with pro-inflammatory cytokines, plasma lysosomal enzymes, and protein-bound carbohydrates. These can be potentially used arthritis to treat arthritis.…”

Novel insights into the role of immune cells in skin and inducible skin-associated lymphoid tissue (iSALT)

“…Full activation of 2 cells is achieved through the cytokine production by KCs, such as IL-33 and TSLP, and by subsequent activation of group 2 ILCs to produce IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 [84]. Skin 17 cells protect against bacteria and fungi, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans, by controlling neutrophils at the mucocutaneous surfaces [45,85]. 17 and 22 cells are well known for their role in psoriasis.…”