Recent Advances on Black Phosphorus for Biomedicine and Biosensing

Abstract

Black phosphorus nanostructures (nano-BPs) include BP nanosheets, BP quantum dots, and BP nanoparticles. Since first being discovered in 2014, nano-BP has become one of the most popular nanomaterials. Nano-BP has many unique properties, such as excellent surface activity, tunable bandgap, high carrier mobility, moderate on/off ratio, excellent biocompatibility, good biodegradation, etc., all of which make nano-BP particularly attractive in biomedicine and biosensing. This review article comprehensively summarizes recent advances in synthesis, functionalization, biomedicine, and biosensing applications of nano-BP. Different methods are first introduced, such as mechanical cleavage, liquid-phase ultrasonic exfoliation, electrochemical exfoliation, solvothermal treatment, and acoustic-microfluidic stripping, for making the nano-BP. Then two strategies are emphasized to enhance ambient stability of nano-BP, namely physical encapsulation and chemical modification. Next, how to develop nano-BP as advanced imaging agents, nanocarriers, and nanomedicine for bioimaging (fluorescence imaging, thermal imaging, and photoacoustic imaging) and disease treatment (phototherapy and photo/chemical/immune synergistic therapy) is demonstrated. The biosensing applications on nano-BP is introduced, including electrochemical biosensor, fluorescence biosensor, chemiluminescence biosensor, electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensor, and colorimetric biosensor. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives on nano-BP in bioapplications are discussed. Nano-BP SynthesisLayered nanomaterials are usually exfoliated from bulk crystals. [35] Compared with bulk materials, monolayer or fewlayer nanomaterials possess the enhanced surface area, excellent physiochemical activity and optoelectronic property. The exfoliation from bulk crystal to monolayer or few-layer nanosheets has been widely applied for preparing almost all the 2D nanomaterials, graphene, MoS 2 , MXene nanosheets, etc. [36] Bulk BP, similar to graphite, is the stacking of layered BP nanosheets via the weak van der Waals force. The destruction of the external driving forces to the weak van der Waals interaction between the stack layers greatly contributes to the exfoliation of nano-BP from the bulk counterparts. Mechanical exfoliation and liquid phase ultrasonic exfoliation are the two most popular approaches, and some other methods were also involved, electrochemical exfoliation and solvothermal treatment, for instance. Table 1 summarizes the advantages and limitations of different exfoliation methods. Mechanical ExfoliationMechanical exfoliation, also called scotch-tape delamination, mainly utilizes the larger binding energy between the substrate and layered materials than van der Waals forces in Figure 2. a) Schematic illustration of meta-assisted mechanical exfoliation for FLBP. b) The left is FLBPs exfoliated using the normal scotch-tape microcleavage, and the right is FLBP exfoliated using Au-assisted method, and c) the total area of FLBP on 10 different samples. ...

<p>Advanced Black Phosphorus Nanomaterials for Bone Regeneration</p>

“…45 Thus, it has been applied in many fields including batteries, field-effect transistors, electronics, and nanomedicine in recent years. 46,47 Notably, BP nanomaterials exhibit excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, PTT and PDT effects, and high drug-loading capacity, which meet the above requirements and are beneficial for bone regeneration (Figure 2).…”

“…Ultrasonic waves produced large amounts of cavitation bubbles that collapse into highenergy jets, destructing the weak van der Waals interaction between adjacent sheets of bulk BP to induce the formation of monolayer or few-layered BP. 47 Guo et al 81 added NaOH into NMP during the exfoliation process, which enhanced the dispersion ability and long-term stability of BP in water ( Figure 3A). According to atomic force microscope and transmission electron microscope results, phosphorene obtained by centrifugation at 12,000 rpm had an average diameter of about 670 nm and a thickness of 5.3 ± 2.0 nm ( Figure 3B and D).…”

Recent Advances in Chemical Functionalization of 2D Black Phosphorous Nanosheets

“…Due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, high thermal and electrical conductivity, and good optical properties, BPNSs can be potentially attractive toward biological applications. [251] Figure 21. a) Photocatalytic activity of BP-BM in H 2 evolution reaction from water and b) the mechanism. Reproduced with permission.…”

Interface Engineering of Partially Phosphidated Co@Co–P@NPCNTs for Highly Enhanced Electrochemical Overall Water Splitting

“…The interface of heterogeneous catalysis plays a key role in catalytic reactions, and the catalytic path is governed by controlling the atomic and electronic structure of interface. Thus, tuning the interface of nanoparticles provides a versatile route for optimization of heterogeneous catalysts, [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8] and interface design is one of the most significant and promising motivations to boost the electrochemical reactions. [9] Hydrogen has the highest gravimetric energy density among all the chemical fuels, [10] and is thus hailed as the ultimate clean energy carrier.…”