Recent Advances on Endocrine Disrupting Effects of UV Filters

Wang, Jiaying; Pan, Liumeng; Wu, Shenggan; Lu, Liping; Xu, Yiwen; Zhu, Yanye; Guo, Ming; Zhuang, Shulin

doi:10.3390/ijerph13080782

Cited by 144 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 82 publications

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“…Owing to the scarcity of studies in humans, there is no conclusive evidence about the potential harmful effects of sunscreens. Nevertheless, topical sunscreens can enter systemic circulation and have been found in breast milk . It is noteworthy that only facial, and not body, sunscreens were associated with alopecia in our study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

“…EDs can be defined as exogenous molecules capable of altering endocrine functions and consequently of causing adverse health effects . An ever‐growing number of studies relate these molecules to significant endocrine modifications and, although controversial, to chronic diseases and human reproductive system disorders …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is an increasing number of experimental animal and in vitro studies that have linked commonly used sunscreens (e.g. benzophenones) with endocrine modifications . Owing to the scarcity of studies in humans, there is no conclusive evidence about the potential harmful effects of sunscreens.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors associated with frontal fibrosing alopecia: a multicentre case–control study

et al. 2018

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Summary Background Frontal fibrosing alopecia (FFA) is a chronic cicatricial alopecia with an increasing incidence and unknown aetiology. Aim To identify possible environmental and hormonal factors related to FFA. Methods We conducted a multicentre case–control study paired by sex and age, and recruited 664 women (335 cases and 329 controls) and 106 men (20 cases and 86 controls). Study subjects completed an exhaustive questionnaire enquiring about pharmacological, environmental, hormonal, social, job exposure, lifestyle, drugs and diet factors to which they were exposed at least 5 years prior to the onset of the disease. Results For women, there was a statistical association between alopecia and history of pregnancy (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.06–2.41), use of facial sunscreen (OR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.06–2.41) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) (OR = 1.76; 95% CI 1.11–2.8) or raloxifene (no controls exposed therefore OR was not calculated), exposure to alkylphenolic compounds (OR = 1.48; 95% CI 1.05–2.08), and presence of rosacea (OR = 1.91; 95% CI 1.07–3.39), lichen planus pigmentosus (LPP) (OR = 5.14; 95% CI 1.11–23.6) or hypothyroidism (OR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.11–2.69). For men, there was a statistical association between alopecia and use of facial sunscreens (OR = 11.6; 95% CI 1.7–80.9) or antiageing creams (OR = 1.84; 95% CI 1.04–3.23). Conclusions FFA seems to be associated with hormonal exposure (pregnancy, HRT and raloxifene), comorbidities (hypothyroidism, LPP and rosacea) and environmental factors (facial sunscreens, antiageing creams and occupational exposure). Further research is required to analyse the exact mechanism in which these environmental factors participate in the development of this alopecia.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 71%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Risk factors associated with frontal fibrosing alopecia: a multicentre case–control study

et al. 2018

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“…The compounds completely inhibited the activity of oestrogen or dihydrotestosterone and produced full dose–response curves in these two assays . Tests conducted in rats showed some disruptive effects of octinoxate towards thyroid hormones, including decreasing in thyroxine, triiodothyronine and thyrotropin levels in blood, and inhibition of the conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine .…”

Section: Uv Protectionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Cinnamic acid derivatives in cosmetics: current use and future prospects

Gunia‐Krzyżak

Słoczyńska

Popiół

et al. 2018

Intern J of Cosmetic Sci

134

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Cinnamic acid derivatives are widely used in cosmetics and possess various functions. This group of compounds includes both naturally occurring and synthetic substances. On the basis of the Cosmetic Ingredient Database (CosIng) and available literature, this review summarizes their functions in cosmetics, including their physicochemical and biological properties as well as reported adverse effects. A perfuming function is typical of many derivatives of cinnamaldehyde, cinnamyl alcohol, dihydrocinnamyl alcohol and cinnamic acid itself; these substances are commonly used in cosmetics all over the world. Some of them show allergic and photoallergic potential, resulting in restrictions in maximum concentrations and/or a requirement to indicate the presence of some substances in the list of ingredients when their concentrations exceed certain fixed values in a cosmetic product. Another important function of cinnamic acid derivatives in cosmetics is UV protection. Ester derivatives such as ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (octinoxate), isoamyl p-methoxycinnamte (amiloxiate), octocrylene and cinoxate are used in cosmetics all over the world as UV filters. However, their maximum concentrations in cosmetic products are restricted due to their adverse effects, which include contact and a photocontact allergies, phototoxic contact dermatitis, contact dermatitis, estrogenic modulation and generation of reactive oxygen species. Other rarely utilized functions of cinnamic acid derivatives are as an antioxidant, in skin conditioning, hair conditioning, as a tonic and in antimicrobial activities. Moreover, some currently investigated natural and synthetic derivatives of cinnamic acid have shown skin lightening and anti-ageing properties. Some of them may become new cosmetic ingredients in the future. In particular, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, which is currently indexed as a skin-conditioning cosmetics ingredient, has been widely tested in vitro and in vivo as a new drug candidate for the treatment of hyperpigmentation.

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“…This has been a standard for the safety assessment of dermally active topical drugs in the United States for many years. The potential risks of repeated, long‐term, regular systemic exposure to sunscreen active ingredients cannot be detected or evaluated on the basis of commercial marketing experience alone …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Safety Threshold Considerations for Sunscreen Systemic Exposure: A Simulation Study

Jian

Ganley

2018

Clin Pharma and Therapeutics

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Sunscreens are regulated as over-the-counter drugs in the United States. Some sunscreen ingredients are absorbed into the systemic circulation, which raises concerns about the safety of these drugs. There is limited information on the systemic exposure for most sunscreen ingredients. This report estimates the systemic absorption of two sunscreen active ingredients, oxybenzone and enzacamene, by developing a pharmacokinetic model from published sunscreen absorption data and compares the results with safety thresholds proposed by the US Food and Drug Administration and in the literature. Our analysis indicates that systemic absorption can be substantial, and evaluation of the systemic exposure of sunscreen ingredients is warranted to better assess any long-term risks of use.

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Recent Advances on Endocrine Disrupting Effects of UV Filters

Cited by 144 publications

References 82 publications

Risk factors associated with frontal fibrosing alopecia: a multicentre case–control study

Risk factors associated with frontal fibrosing alopecia: a multicentre case–control study

Cinnamic acid derivatives in cosmetics: current use and future prospects

Safety Threshold Considerations for Sunscreen Systemic Exposure: A Simulation Study

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