Recent Advances on Immune Targeted Therapy of Colorectal Cancer Using bi-Specific Antibodies and Therapeutic Vaccines

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a universal heterogeneous disease that is characterized by genetic and epigenetic alterations. Immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies (mAb) and cancer vaccines are substitute strategies for CRC treatment. When cancer immunotherapy is combined with chemotherapy, surgery, and radiotherapy, the CRC treatment would become excessively efficient. One of the compelling immunotherapy approaches to increase the efficiency of CRC therapy is the deployment of therapeutic mAbs, nanobodies, bi-specific antibodies and cancer vaccines, which improve clinical outcomes in patients. Also, among the possible therapeutic approaches for CRC patients, gene vaccines in combination with antibodies are recently introduced as a new perspective. Here, we aimed to present the current progress in CRC immunotherapy, especially using Bi-specific antibodies and dendritic cells mRNA vaccines. For this aim, all data were extracted from Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Elsevier, using keywords cancer vaccines; CRC immunotherapy and CRC mRNA vaccines. About 97 articles were selected and investigated completely based on the latest developments and novelties on bi-specific antibodies, mRNA vaccines, nanobodies, and MGD007.

Immunotherapy as a Therapeutic Strategy for Gastrointestinal Cancer—Current Treatment Options and Future Perspectives

“…The use of cancer vaccines in CRC is currently under research, such as the Talimogene laherparepvec vaccine in cases of advanced metastatic CRC [ 142 ]. In this vaccine, a genetically modified viral vector, the oncolytic Herpes virus type 1 (HSV-1), infects the malignant tumor cells and targets the GM-CSF gene, while the use of oncolytic viruses is considered significantly potent as an anti-cancer therapy for solid malignant neoplasms [ 143 ].…”

Cancer treatment vaccine: DNA vaccines in treating prostate cancer and colorectal cancer

“…TAA's components, small peptides, can bind to human leukocyte antigen (HLA), triggering an immune response and killing cancer cells spontaneously. There are numerous specific molecular transformations in tumor cells; thus, analyzing specific transformations could play a significant role in more precisely connecting DNA vaccines [19].…”

“…Several studies have shown that nucleic acid vaccines can induce an immune response against a variety of diseases. The CEA66 DNA vaccine was well tolerated, with no signs of an autoimmune reaction [3]. Plasmid DNA vaccines outperform existing anti-tumor vaccine techniques in terms of simplicity, production, as well as no potentially infectious components.…”

“…There are now many clinical studies exploring DNA vaccines as prostate cancer treatments, all of which have shown to be safe and immunogenic [2]. In addition, DNA vaccines are being evaluated as therapeutic gene vaccines for Colorectal cancer because of their ability to stimulate CD8 T-cells growth [3]. Several studies have shown that nucleic acid vaccines can induce an immune response against a variety of diseases.…”

“…Figure 1. Mechanisms underlying the promotion of CRC[19]. In a nutshell, colorectal cancer is frequently caused by a series of genetic mutations occurring in germline and somatic cells.…”