Recent advances on the formation, detection, resistance mechanism, and control technology of Listeria monocytogenes biofilm in food industry

City of Bacteria

“…Among these, the production of EPS and the development of resistance to antimicrobial agents are the most important [13]. Following reversible binding of bacteria, bacterial cells proliferate and produce EPS [14].…”

“…During initial adhesion, there is a bulk flow of organic and inorganic molecules. These molecules are transported across the surface by diffusion or turbulent flow [14]. In turbulent flow, small turbulent turns that may occur suddenly can drag small particles contained in bacterial cells in a direction parallel to the surface, and these small particles can neutralize the Gibbs energy barrier required by the bacteria communicating with a surface, and this Gibbs energy barrier; In fact, van der Waals interactions include all common attractive forces and electrostatic interactions [15].…”

“…For transition from reversible adhesion to irreversible adhesion, various short-chain interactions are required, including dipole-dipole interactions, hydrogen, ionic and covalent bonds, and hydrophobic interactions. Thanks to the interactions between these polymeric fibrils, a bridge is be formed between bacterial cells and surface, resulting in irreversible relationship with surface [14]. Irreversibly adherent bacterial cells develop and divide with the use of nutrients offered in mature biofilm layers and are been surrounded by fluid.…”