Recent Advances on the Molecular Mechanism and Clinical Trials of Venous Thromboembolism

Abstract

Venous thromboembolism is a condition that includes deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. It is the third most common cardiovascular disease behind acute coronary heart disease and stroke. Over the past few years, growing research suggests that venous thrombosis is also related to the immune system and inflammatory factors have been confirmed to be involved in venous thrombosis. The role of inflammation and inflammation-related biomarkers in cerebrovascular thrombotic disease is the subject of ongoing debate. P-selectin leads to platelet-monocyte aggregation and stimulates vascular inflammation and thrombosis. The dysregulation of miRNAs has also been reported in venous thrombosis, suggesting the involvement of miRNAs in the progression of venous thrombosis. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is a crucial component of the plasminogen-plasmin system, and elevated levels of PAI-1 in conjunction with advanced age are significant risk factors for thrombosis. In addition, it has been showed that one of the ways that neutrophils promote venous thrombosis is the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). In recent years, the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in the occurrence and development of VTE has been continuously revealed. With the advancement of research technology, the complex regulatory role of EVs on the coagulation process has been gradually discovered. However, our understanding of the causes and consequences of these changes in venous thrombosis is still limited. Therefore, we review our current understanding the molecular mechanisms of venous thrombosis and the related clinical trials, which is crucial for the future treatment of venous thrombosis.

Exploration of effective biomarkers for venous thrombosis embolism in Behçet’s disease based on comprehensive bioinformatics analysis

“…Emerging evidence points towards a growing link between venous thrombosis and the immune system, with inflammatory factors playing a confirmed role. The intricate interplay between enzymes and cellular processes in the endothelium, platelets, and white blood cells can create an inflammatory state, ultimately leading to acute vein thrombosis 15 , 16 . Biomarkers related to immune function may, therefore, hold promise as valuable predictors of VTE susceptibility in BD patients and could aid in treatment decisions.…”