Recent biomedical advancements in graphene oxide- and reduced graphene oxide-based nanocomposite nanocarriers

Abstract

Recently, nanocarriers, including micelles, polymers, carbon-based materials, liposomes, and other substances, have been developed for efficient delivery of drugs, nucleotides, and biomolecules. This review focuses on graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as active components in nanocarriers, because their chemical structures and easy functionalization can be valuable assets for in vitro and in vivo delivery. Herein, we describe the preparation, structure, and functionalization of GO and rGO. Additionally, their important properties to function as nanocarriers are presented, including their molecular interactions with various compounds, near-infrared light adsorption, and biocompatibility. Subsequently, their mechanisms and the most appealing examples of their delivery applications are summarized. Overall, GO- and rGO-based nanocomposites show great promise as multipurpose nanocarriers owing to their various potential applications in drug and gene delivery, phototherapy, bioimaging, biosensing, tissue engineering, and as antibacterial agents.

Oxidative debris in graphene oxide: a decade of research

“…36,52,53 A detailed discussion on the synthesis and structural models of GO is beyond the scope of this manuscript and can be found elsewhere. 31,32 Inspired by studies reporting ODs in CNTs, Rourke et al 25 performed a similar base-washing in GO dispersions and found that ODs were present. They also found that ODs accounted for ca.…”

“…36,52,53 A detailed discussion on the synthesis and structural models of GO is beyond the scope of this manuscript and can be found elsewhere. 31,32…”

“…Conversely, several other authors completely neglect the existence of ODs in GO, as illustrated by the massive numbers of papers in GO which do not even mention the existence of ODs. 31,32 Ignoring ODs can lead to inconsistencies or even complete divergence between results on the same subject, for example, a given property of GO or the performance of a GO-based application.…”

Bacteria-based multiplex system eradicates recurrent infections with drug-resistant bacteria via photothermal killing and protective immunity elicitation

“…These findings suggested that Rp@Al exhibited a potent anti-biofilm efficiency against MRSA through its photothermal effect. Local hyperthermia may destroy bacterial structures by producing ROS or denaturing protein structure, ultimately resulting in bacterial death [57]. Hence, DCFH-DA staining was performed to reveal the ROS levels in the MRSA after the various treatments (Fig.…”

Multifunctional nanodiamonds to enable neuritogenesis and super-resolution imaging

“…Novel uorogenic probes have been actively studied to achieve enhanced uorescence microscopy [18][19][20][21]. In particular, carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) have been investigated as cell imaging probes because of their superior biological and physicochemical properties when compared with those of conventional dyes [22][23][24][25]. Furthermore, CNPs have exceptional biological prospects in controlling cellular behaviors, including adhesion, migration, proliferation, differentiation of cells into speci c lineages, and maturation of progenitor cells [26][27][28][29][30].…”