Recent biosensing advances in the rapid detection of illicit drugs

Ahmed, Syed Rahin; Chand, Rohit; Kumar, Satish; Mittal, Neha; Srinivasan, Seshasai; Rajabzadeh, Amin Reza

doi:10.1016/j.trac.2020.116006

Cited by 91 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 147 publications

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“…These obtained values of K D and LOD are 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than those reported in the literature for all three drug metabolites. 1,12,15,19,23 Considering the 1:20 dilutions of used wastewater, these obtained LOD values are still on the order of 100 pg/ml with the detection range of pg/ml to ng/ml which is in line with the concentration range of metabolites present in wastewater. 10,11,24,25…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

“…Effective responses to the opioid epidemic require real-time and local information on the type and usage frequency of illicit drugs. 1,2 A new approach has emerged that avoids many of the difficulties associated with individual testing, namely wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE). This strategy enables community tracing of drug metabolites and tracking the spread of infectious diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rapid, multianalyte detection of opioid metabolites in wastewater

Kumar

Rana

Geiwitz

et al. 2021

Preprint

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By monitoring opioid metabolites, wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) could be an excellent tool for real-time information on consumption of illicit drugs. A key limitation of WBE is the reliance on costly laboratory-based techniques that require substantial infrastructure and trained personnel, resulting in long turnaround times. Here, we present an aptamer-based graphene field effect transistor (AptG-FET) platform for simultaneous detection of three different opioid metabolites. This platform provides a reliable, rapid, and inexpensive method for quantitative analysis of opioid metabolites in wastewater (WW). The platform delivers a limit of detection (LOD) 2-3 orders of magnitude lower than previous reports, but in line with the concentrations range (pg/ml to ng/ml) of these opioid metabolites present in real samples. To enable multianalyte detection we developed a facile, reproducible, and high yield fabrication process producing twenty G-FETs with integrated side gate platinum (Pt) electrodes on a single chip. Our devices achieved the simultaneous and selective multianalyte detection of three different metabolites: Noroxycodone (NX), 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), and Norfentanyl (NF) in wastewater.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 52%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rapid, multianalyte detection of opioid metabolites in wastewater

Kumar

Rana

Geiwitz

et al. 2021

Preprint

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“…As can be derived from Figure 5, the main advantage of the proposed reaction is that AMP can be easily differentiated from MET. In addition, unlike most of the colorimetric (bio)assays developed for drugs, which may involve sophisticated and time-consuming synthesis of the recognition probes [6,7,20], the reagent is commercially available. The reaction is very rapid and does not involve the employment of strong acidic media, so it is well-suited for on-site tests.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The development of new recognition probes such as aptamers has attracted a lot of attention [6,7]. Extensive research was also carried out to develop new (nano)materials and sensor devices with enhanced detection capabilities [20]. From another perspective, taking advantage of the simplicity and low cost of colorimetric assays, different devices were developed capable of combining two or more recognition reactions in order to generate a multi-response, thus providing enhanced discrimination power.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Colorimetric Membrane-Based Sensor with Improved Selectivity towards Amphetamine

Campíns‐Falcó

Herráez‐Hernández

2021

Molecules

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Due to their simplicity, speed and low cost, chemical spot tests are increasingly demanded for the presumptive identification of illicit drugs in a variety of contexts such as point-of-care assistance or prosecution of drug trafficking. However, most of the colorimetric reactions used in these tests are, at best, drug class selective. Therefore, the development of tests based on chemical reactions with improved discrimination power is of great interest. In this work, we propose a new colorimetric assay for amphetamine (AMP) based on its reaction with solutions of alkaline gold bromide to form an insoluble yellow–orange derivative. The resulting suspensions are then filtered onto nylon membranes and the precipitate collected is used for the visual identification of AMP. The measurement of the absorbance of the membranes by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy also allows the quantification of AMP in a simple and rapid way, as demonstrated for different synthetic and drug street samples. On the basis of the results obtained, it was concluded that the proposed procedure is highly selective towards AMP, as this compound could be easily differentiated from other common drugs such as methamphetamine (MET), ephedrine (EPH), scopolamine (SCP) and cocaine (COC).

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“…In order to improve sensitivity and selectivity, the screen printed electrodes (SPEs) can be modified with carbon-based nanomaterials, such as GPH and MWCNTs or metal NPs, such as AuNPs, PtNPs and silver ( Florea et al, 2018a ; Ahmed et al, 2020 ). These nanomaterials provide higher surface area, increased conductivity and faster electron transfer ( Eissa et al, 2019 ; De Rycke et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Fingerprints of Illicit Drugs on Graphene and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

et al. 2021

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Illicit drugs use and abuse remains an increasing challenge for worldwide authorities and, therefore, it is important to have accurate methods to detect them in seized samples, biological fluids and wastewaters. They are recently classified as the latest group of emerging pollutants as their consumption increased tremendously in recent years. Nanomaterials have gained much attention over the last decade in the development of sensors for a myriad of applications. The applicability of these nanomaterials, functionalized or not, significantly increases and it is therefore highly suitable for use in the detection of illicit drugs. We have assessed the suitability of various nanoplatforms, such as graphene (GPH), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) for the electrochemical detection of illicit drugs. GPH and MWCNTs were chosen as the most suitable platforms and cocaine, 3,4-methylendioxymethamfetamine (MDMA), 3-methylmethcathinone (MMC) and α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (PVP) were tested. Due to the hydrophobicity of the nanomaterials-based platforms which led to low signals, two strategies were followed namely, pretreatment of the electrodes in sulfuric acid by cyclic voltammetry and addition of Tween 20 to the detection buffer. Both strategies led to an increase in the oxidation signal of illicit drugs. Binary mixtures of illicit drugs with common adulterants found in street samples were also investigated. The proposed strategies allowed the sensitive detection of illicit drugs in the presence of most adulterants. The suitability of the proposed sensors for the detection of illicit drugs in spiked wastewaters was finally assessed.

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Recent biosensing advances in the rapid detection of illicit drugs

Cited by 91 publications

References 147 publications

Rapid, multianalyte detection of opioid metabolites in wastewater

Rapid, multianalyte detection of opioid metabolites in wastewater

A Colorimetric Membrane-Based Sensor with Improved Selectivity towards Amphetamine

Electrochemical Fingerprints of Illicit Drugs on Graphene and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes

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