Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization‐mass spectrometry

Abstract

Recent developments in atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI), which is one of the three most important ionization techniques in liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, are reviewed. The emphasis is on the practical aspects of APPI analysis, its combination with different separation techniques, novel instrumental developments - especially in gas chromatography and ambient mass spectrometry - and the applications that have appeared in 2009-2014. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Mass Spec Rev 36:423-449, 2017.

Charge Exchange Reaction in Dopant-Assisted Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization and Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization

“…The ionization mechanisms in APCI [9,10] (Scheme 1) and APPI [4] (Scheme 2) are very similar. The most notable difference between the techniques is the initial method of ionization: corona discharge in the kV range is used in APCI (Scheme 1, Reaction 1), whereas APPI-MS ion sources use 10.0 and 10.6 eV photons emitted by a krypton discharge lamp (Scheme 2, Reaction 1).…”

“…Ionization reactions in DA-APPI [4]. S = solvent, D = dopant, M = analyte, IE = ionization energy, PA = proton affinity, RE = recombination energy…”

“…A tmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) [1][2][3] and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) [4] are widely used for interfacing liquid chromatography (LC) with mass spectrometry (MS). They are typically used for small (<1000 u) molecules that are not sufficiently polar for efficient ionization by electrospray ionization (ESI).…”

Theory and Practice of UHPLC and UHPLC–MS

“…Reviews of APPI-MS, including recent advances in this field, have been provided by, among others, Marotta et al (2003), Raffaelli and Saba (2003), Tubaro et al (2003), Syage et al (Syage, 2004;Syage et al, 2004Syage et al, , 2008, Hanold et al (2004), Robb and Blades (2005, 2006, Kauppila et al (2005Kauppila et al ( , 2014Kauppila et al ( , 2017, Bos et al (2006), Purcell et al (2006), , and Marchi et al (2009).…”

Quantitative Analysis of Bisphenol A in Recycled Paper with a Novel Direct Inlet Probe-Atmospheric Pressure Photoionization–IonTrap-MS

“…Also quantification, which is still challenging with other types of ambient ion sources, is possible with this ion source as shown for coumarin in different cinnamon samples [13]. Additionally, extractive electrospray ionization (EESI) has been added to this ion source [14], which enables the detection of polar compounds without changing the ion source. In the original paper [14], we have named the developed method DIP-ESI, but the process is more an extractive ESI, and therefore, we will rename this source in DIP-EESI.…”