Recent developments in fish vaccinology

Gudding, Roar; Lillehaug, Atle; Evensen, Øystein

doi:10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00133-6

Cited by 190 publications

(111 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Vaccination is the most important tools to prevent outbreaks of a number of bacterial and viral diseases in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), and is largely responsible for reducing the use of antibiotics and continuing sustainable growth of Norwegian aquaculture in the 1990s (Drangsholt et al 2011;Gudding et al 1999). To maintain the health and welfare of farmed Atlantic salmon, individual sh are vaccinated prior to sea water entry, however the injection of these vaccines could lead to unavoidable stress and is often associated with short-term increases in plasma cortisol (Funk et al 2004;Skinner et al 2010).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Iversen

Eliassen

2013

Fish Physiol Biochem

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The experiment consisted of three experimental groups; 1) "vaccine and stress", 2) "stress and vaccine" and 3) control. All groups have previously been vaccinated 6 months prior to the start of the experiment. At the start of the experiment the "vaccine and stress" group was vaccinated with Pentium Forte Plus for the second time (25.02.2008), and then given a daily stressor (crowding stressor, 267 kg m-3 in 15 min) for a period of four weeks. The "stress and vaccine" group was given a similar daily stressor for four weeks, and then vaccinated for the second time. The control group was neither stressed nor vaccinated a second time. The results indicates that a fish in the "stress and vaccine" group enters an allostatic overload type 2 due to oversensitivity to ACTH, a reduced efficient negative feedback system, with elevated baseline levels of plasma cortisol, and reduced immune response with pronounced effects on the wellbeing of the animal. The "vaccine and stress" group entered an allostatic overload type 1 response, with oversensitivity to ACTH and transient reduced efficient negative feedback system, but at the end of the experiment the fish had recovered. This study shows that if plasma cortisol becomes elevated prior to vaccination it could instigate an allostatic overload type 2 with dire consequences on animal welfare. To reduce the risk of compromising the animal welfare during commercial vaccination of salmon one propose to grade the fish minimum a week prior to vaccination, or grade simultaneously with vaccination. This could reduce the overall allostatic load during handling and vaccination, and secure a healthy fish, with intact immune response and improved animal welfare.3

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Iversen

Eliassen

2013

Fish Physiol Biochem

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“…Primary immunization can, thus, lead to increased immunogen sensitivity [1], enhanced in vivo [2][3][4][5][6] and in vitro [6][7][8] antibody responsiveness, expansion of antigen-sensitive precursor pools [9] and, most importantly, anamestic responses to pathogens [4,5,10,11] and immunoprophylaxis [4,[12][13][14]. Anamestic features absent from teleost responses include isotype switching [15] (although they possess multiple isotypes [16]), relatively modest somatic mutaCorrespondence: Dr. Stephen L. Kaattari e-mail: kaattari@vims.edu tion [17][18][19] and affinity maturation [20][21][22] as compared with the IgG responses of mammals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differential compartmentalization of memory B cells versus plasma cells in salmonid fish

Kaattari

2013

Eur J Immunol

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The disposition of teleost memory and plasma cells (PCs) has essentially been unexplored. As the organization of the teleost immune system differs significantly from that of mammals (i.e. no bone marrow or lymph nodes, hematopoietic anterior kidney), this disposition could be essential in understanding how comparable functions are achieved. To address this question, the primary and secondary antibody-secreting cell, B memory cell, and antibody responses to T-independent and T-dependent antigens were analyzed in trout. Although the TI and TD antibody responses did not differ substantively from one another, the secondary responses to both were significantly prolonged compared with the primary responses. Logarithmic increases in titer and affinity were achieved for both antigens during the primary, with only modest increases during the secondary response. Antibody-secreting cells, both PCs and plasmablasts, quantitatively paralleled antibody production, with antibody-secreting cells skewing to the hematopoietic anterior kidney for both antigens. However, the enhanced antigen-inducible response of immune fish (indicative of the memory pool) skewed to the peripheral blood and spleen. This pattern of memory versus PC disposition parallels that observed in mammals even though the organization of the respective immune systems differs considerably. Keywords: Anterior kidney r Memory cells r Plasma cells r Trout IntroductionTeleost memory has been defined by the development of a differentially heightened responsive state to antigen, albeit lacking in a number of mammalian features. Primary immunization can, thus, lead to increased immunogen sensitivity [1], enhanced in vivo [2][3][4][5][6] and in vitro [6][7][8] antibody responsiveness, expansion of antigen-sensitive precursor pools [9] and, most importantly, anamestic responses to pathogens [4,5,10,11] and immunoprophylaxis [4,[12][13][14]. Anamestic features absent from teleost responses include isotype switching [15] (although they possess multiple isotypes [16]), relatively modest somatic mutaCorrespondence: Dr. Stephen L. Kaattari e-mail: kaattari@vims.edu tion [17][18][19] and affinity maturation [20][21][22] as compared with the IgG responses of mammals. Intriguingly, characteristics of teleost memory B cells (MBCs) [9] parallel those associated with a class of mammalian MBCs. Recent evidence reveals that human MBCs can include unswitched, mutated IgM + cells [23]; nonmutated, CD27 + IgM + cells [24], those induced by T-independent (TI) antigens [25,26], preimmune diversified repertoires [27] (as has recently been posed for the catfish [19]), or arise independently of GCs [27,28]. Together, these previous studies prompt a renewed focus on the critical elements of μ specific memory, both in teleosts and mammals. For example, perhaps the requisites for exceptionally high-titered, extensively mutated, high-affinity responses in * These authors contributed equally to this work. [32][33][34], which home to their respective hematopoietic tissues, even though the organs ...

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“…In farmed fish, especially salmonids, vaccination has been the single most efficient prophylactic measure and has contributed to a significant reduction in the use of antibiotics in the Norwegian salmon industry in the 1990's (Ellis, 1997;Gudding et al, 1999;Håstein et al, 2005) Currently, farmed Atlantic salmon are routinely vaccinated as pre-smolts against a number of diseases, both bacterial (furunculosis, vibriosis, cold water vibriosis, winter ulcer) and viral (infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), pancreas disease, infectious salmon anaemia (ISA)).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quantitative genetics of disease resistance in vaccinated and unvaccinated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

et al. 2011

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Recent developments in fish vaccinology

Cited by 190 publications

References 42 publications

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

The effect of allostatic load on hypothalamic–pituitary–interrenal (HPI) axis before and after secondary vaccination in Atlantic salmon postsmolts (Salmo salar L.)

Differential compartmentalization of memory B cells versus plasma cells in salmonid fish

Quantitative genetics of disease resistance in vaccinated and unvaccinated Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.)

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